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Neuro > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

primary motor cortex location

A

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus located along lateral and medial surface, brodmann’s area 4
lateral region of area 4 = UE, head/face, neck
medial region of area 4 = LE/trunk

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2
Q

primary motor cortex function

A

activates/controls voluntary fine motor movement of contralateral side of the body “right pmc controls left side of body”

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3
Q

primary motor cortex blood supply

A

lateral region = superior branch of MCA
medial region = ACA

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4
Q

primary motor cortex lesion

A

patient may experience contralateral hemiplegia/paresis - loss of voluntary fine motor movement on one side of the body, inability to activate muscles needed for movement, motor loss is most prominent in the distal extremities

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5
Q

primary motor cortex loss between ACA and
superior MCA stroke

A

superior MCA lesion =contralateral hemiplegia of lower face and UE
ACA lesion = contralateral hemiplegia of LE

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6
Q

premotor cortex location

A

frontal lobe, lateral region of area 6

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7
Q

premotor cortex function

A

plans complex voluntary fine motor movements and sends motor plans to the primary motor area for activation, planning is based on integrating current sensory information

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8
Q

premotor cortex blood supply

A

superior branch of MCA

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9
Q

premotor cortex lesion

A

patient may experience apraxia, patient is unable to perform learned skilled voluntary movements when asked, the loss is not caused by weakness, paralysis, or lack of coordination, caused by inability to generate and send the plan/sequence to motor cortex for activation or to understand the concept

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10
Q

supplementary motor area location

A

frontal lobe, superior/medial region of area 6

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11
Q

supplementary motor area function

A

plans(visualization) complex sequences of voluntary fine motor movements, planning is based on previous memories of learned movement sequences, SMA communicates with cerebellum to visualize the exact sequencing of muscles that will be needed to perform the action

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12
Q

supplementary motor area blood supply

A

ACA

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13
Q

supplementary motor area lesion

A

patient may experience incontinence, damage to micturition center, incontinence is expected finding of a stroke involving the ACA

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14
Q

frontal eye field location

A

frontal lobe, brodmann’s area 8

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15
Q

frontal eye field function

A

horizontal conjugate gaze/eye movements to opposite direction, the left FEF coordinates horizontal gaze to the right

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16
Q

frontal eye field blood supply

A

superior branch of MCA

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17
Q

frontal eye field lesion

A

patient may experience horizontal gaze palsy where eyes cannot look to the side opposite to the lesion, eyes deviate to the same side (ipsilateral) of lesion

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18
Q

brodmann area 44/45 dominant hemisphere

A

Broca’s area

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19
Q

brodmann area 44/45 non-dominant hemisphere function

A

motor production of the non-linguistic components of verbal communication, variations in tone/pitch, rhythm, production of the emotional aspect of language

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20
Q

posterior association area location

A

parietal lobe, brodmann areas 39,40, 7
temporal lobe, lateral/inferior temporal lobes

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21
Q

posterior association area dominant hemisphere function

A

higher order understanding (interpret & analyze) of sensory information, understanding communication linguistic (verbal, reading, braille), direction attention (directs attention to future or past tasks/events), understanding spatial relationships(processing right-left orientation), thinking/analysis (deductive reasoning, sequencing processes, mathematical, logical

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22
Q

posterior association area blood supply

A

MCA inferior branch

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23
Q

posterior association area dominant hemisphere lesion

A

agraphia = inability to communicate through writing
alexia or acquired dyslexia = inability or difficulty in reading due to inability to recognize letters/words
Wernicke’s aphasia = verbal
apraxia
difficulty directing attention on past or future tasks, impaired right-left orientation, finger/toe agnosia, loss of linear thinking, convergent problem solving, deductive reasoning
alcalculia = inability to perform calculations

24
Q

anterior association area location

A

anterior region of the frontal lobe
Brodmann areas 9-11, 46, 47
consists of medial prefrontal cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex

25
Q

anterior association area function

A

emotions and moods, self awareness, motivation, influence decision making to “act, how to act or not to act”

26
Q

anterior association area blood supply

A

ACA = medial and ventral prefrontal cortex
MCA superior = lateral prefrontal cortex

27
Q

anterior association area lesion

A

loss of emotion, self-awareness and motivation

28
Q

dominant motor function

A

contralateral motor control of the body - right side of body

29
Q

dominant somatosensory function

A

contralateral somatosensory sensation of the body - right side of body

30
Q

dominant language communication

A

understanding/producing linguistic components of communication - actual semantic content of language - meaning of words/sentences, grammar

31
Q

non-dominant motor function

A

contralateral motor control of the body - left side of body

32
Q

non-dominant somatosensory function

A

contralateral somatosensory sensation of the body - left side of body

33
Q

non-dominant language communication

A

understanding/producing non-linguistic components of communication: tone, pitch, pace, loudness, physical gestures - emotional aspect of language

34
Q

apraxia

A

caused by damage from left parietal lobe, SMA, sub-cortical areas of the CNS (basal ganglia)

35
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

unable to perform action when asked but may randomly be able to perform the activity at a different time

36
Q

ideational apraxia

A

unable to perform a sequential act even though can perform each part individually

37
Q

SMA micturition

A

bladder control, one of many areas in the CNS that play a role in the control of micturition

38
Q

Broca’s area blood supply

A

superior branch of MCA

39
Q

Broca’s area function

A

motor production of the linguistic (language) components of communication, semantic content (words, sentences) of languages, working memory for language = sounding out word in head prior to speaking it

40
Q

Broca’s area lesion

A

Broca’s aphasia = can comprehend language but can’t speak, loss of the ability to produce the linguistic components of verbal communication, may respond with short sentences or sounds

41
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

sensory, receptive, fluent

42
Q

global aphasia

A

motor and sensory aphasia damage to both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas and/or the pathways (connections) between the two Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

43
Q

brodmann areas 44/45 non-dominant hemisphere lesion

A

patient may experience motor dysprosodia, may speak in flat monotone manner

44
Q

motor dysprosodia

A

loss in the ability to produce the normal variations in intonation, tone, pitch, rhythm, etc. of verbal communication

45
Q

motor dysprosodia

A

lesion in area 44/45 of non-dominant hemisphere

46
Q

sensory dysprosodia

A

lesion in posterior area 22 of non-dominant hemisphere

47
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

hemisphere that contains the language loop, designed for linear thinking, linguistic component of communication, mathematics and calculations, logical deductive reasoning, pays attention to tasks that need doing or past events, distinguish between right and left side of the body

48
Q

non-dominant hemisphere

A

non-linear or holistic thinking, non-linguistic component of communication, creativity, imagination, pays attention to being in the moment, spatial awareness in the immediate moment, gestalt “the big picture”

49
Q

association area

A

responsible for higher order interpretation and response and many of the functional differences between dominant and non-dominant hemispheres

50
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

lesion of the dominant hemisphere in posterior association area that spares linguistic comprehension of language
classic signs/symptoms:
acalculia = inability to do math
impaired right-left orientation
finger/toe agnosia = unable to identify each finger/toe
agraphia = inability to write
~ understanding of spoken language remains intact

51
Q

posterior association area function non-dominant

A

understanding communication (non-linguistic, tone, gestures)
directing attention - being in the moment
understanding spatial relationships - where body and objects are in relation to environment
thinking/analysis - non-linear, artistic, divergent thinking

52
Q

posterior association area lesion non-dominant

A

sensory dysprosodia = inability to understanding non-linguistic components of communication
difficulty understanding relationship between body and environment
constructional apraxia = inability to draw, build or assemble 3D objects
loss of creativity, non-linear thinking, divergent problem solving
left sided neglect = inability to explore or respond to stimuli on left side of body
anosognosia = lack of awareness that a deficit exists

53
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex function

A

social behavior

54
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex lesion

A

loss of appropriate social behavior “disinhibited social behavior”

55
Q

lateral prefrontal cortex function

A

executive function/goal directed behavior, wisdom
- receives sensory information from posterior association area, medial prefrontal area, ventral prefrontal area, limbic system, and brainstem and hypothalamus

56
Q

lateral prefrontal cortex lesion

A

loss of executive functions (goal directed behavior), loss of working memory, perseveration (stuck on one though, inability to change behavior after starting it)

57
Q

akinetic mutism

A

rare bilateral frontal lobe lesion, conscious alert patient who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so
akinesia = lack of movement
mutism = lack of speech
apathy = lack of interest, indifferent, apathy cause passiveness to interact (speak) or respond (move)

Neuro (21 decks)

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