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Neuro > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primary auditory cortex location

A

temporal lobe, Brodmann area 41

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2
Q

primary auditory cortex function

A

detect sound (auditory input)

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3
Q

primary auditory cortex blood supply

A

inferior branch MCA

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4
Q

primary auditory cortex lesion

A

unilateral lesion = occur from tumor, stroke, or trauma and experience a small loss in the ability to detect sound
bilateral lesion = unable to detect sound known as central deafness or cortical deafness, VERY RARE

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5
Q

secondary auditory cortex function

A

recognize/distinguish different sounds (frequencies, pitch, etc.)

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6
Q

secondary auditory cortex location

A

temporal lobe, brodmann area 42

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7
Q

secondary auditory cortex blood supply

A

inferior branch MCA

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8
Q

secondary auditory cortex lesion

A

auditory agnosia = loss of the ability to recognize or distinguish sounds (frequencies, pitch, etc.)

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9
Q

associative auditory cortex location

A

posterior area 22 = non-dominant hemisphere
Wernicke’s area = dominant hemisphere
temporal lobe

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10
Q

dominant hemisphere associative auditory cortex function

A

interpret the linguistic component of verbal communication, linguistic - semantic content (words, sentences) of language

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11
Q

associative auditory cortex blood supply

A

inferior branch MCA

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12
Q

dominant hemisphere associative auditory cortex lesion

A

wernicke’s aphasia can’t comprehend but can speak, word salad

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13
Q

anterior cerebral artery ACA

A

supplies sagittal wall of frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

middle cerebral artery MCA

A

supplies the lateral hemisphere

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15
Q

posterior cerebral artery PCA

A

supplies occipital lobe and inferior temporal lobe

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16
Q

superior MCA

A

branches exit superiorly along Sylvian fissure

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17
Q

inferior MCA

A

branches exit inferiorly/posteriorly along Sylvian fissure

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18
Q

MCA vascular territory

A

supplies the lateral region of the cerebral hemispheres, “lateral portions” of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

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19
Q

superior MCA vascular territory

A

supplies lateral cerebral hemisphere (cortex) above Sylvian fissure (frontal/parietal lobes)

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20
Q

inferior MCA vascular territory

A

supplies lateral cerebral hemisphere below and posterior to Sylvian fissure (temporal/parietal lobes)

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21
Q

ACA pathway

A

runs anteriorly to the longitudinal fissure along medial surface cerebral hemisphere, ascends and circles back along cingulate gyrus off branches that continue to ascend along the medial surfaces of the hemispheres

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22
Q

ACA vascular territory

A

anterior medial surface of each hemisphere, terminal branches of ACA supply superior and anterior lateral surfaces of each hemisphere

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23
Q

PCA pathway

A

runs posterior along medial and inferior surfaces of each temporal lobe eventually wraps around to posterior surfaces of each hemispheres

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24
Q

PCA vascular territory

A

supplies inferior/medial temporal lobe and the occipital lobe

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25
Q

how many brodmann areas are there

A

52 distinct regions of the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

dominant vs non-dominant hemisphere

A

dominant indicates the hemisphere that contains the language loop
left hemisphere = dominant
right hemisphere = non-dominant

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27
Q

frontal lobe functions

A

motor movement
executive function (goal directed behavior)
emotions, self-awareness and motivation
social behavior

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28
Q

parietal lobe function

A

somatosensory perception
integration of auditory, visual & somatospatial information
understanding communication
thinking, analysis, directing attention

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29
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory perception/processing
plays role in understanding language
involved in long term memory and emotion

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30
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual perception and processing

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31
Q

types of sensory input

A

auditory
visual
somatosensory
olfaction (smell) - inferior temporal lobes
gustatory (taste) - insular lobe
vestibular

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32
Q

organization of the sensory cortices

A

specialized areas of gray matter in the cortex detect, recognize and interpret to each sensory modality = auditory, visual, somatosensory, taste, olfaction, and vestibular

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33
Q

three steps in processing a sensory modality in the cortex

A

detect the sensory modality->recognize the characteristics of the sensory modality->interpret/give meaning to the sensory modality

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34
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

detects the sensory modality

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35
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

recognizes the characteristics of the sensory modality

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36
Q

associative sensory cortex

A

interprets/gives meaning to the sensory modality

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37
Q

gnosia

A

ability to recognize and/or perceive sensory information

38
Q

agnosia

A

loss of the ability to recognize and/or perceive sensory information

39
Q

language processing

A

multisensory including auditory, visual, and somatosensory

40
Q

angular and supramarginal gyri

A

areas 39 & 40, multimodal sensory processing area of language (auditory, visual, and somatosensory), the angular and supramarginal gyri have other associative functions

41
Q

non-dominant posterior area 22 function

A

interpret the non-linguistic components of verbal communication, normal variations in intonation, tone/pitch, rhythm, stress, musical or emotional component of verbal communication

42
Q

non-dominant posterior area 22 lesion

A

sensory dysprosodia = difficulty or inability to interpret normal speech intonation and stress patterns (tone, pitch, rythm, etc.) of verbal communication, patient can’t interpret musical or emotional components of verbal communication

43
Q

prosody

A

patterns of stress and intonation in a language

44
Q

primary and secondary visual cortex location

A

occipital lobe

45
Q

visual sensory areas

A

what is it pathway?
where is it pathway?

46
Q

primary visual cortex location

A

occipital lobe, brodmann area 17

47
Q

primary visual cortex blood supply

A

PCA

48
Q

primary visual cortex function

A

detect visual input

49
Q

visual fields

A

all information from right visual field is processed by the left primary visual field, all the information from the left visual field is processed by the right primary visual field

50
Q

primary visual cortex lesion

A

patient may experience cortical blindness

51
Q

cortical blindness

A

inability to detect visual input (loss of vision) in the visual cortex affected

52
Q

loss of area 17 in one hemisphere

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparring, one half of visual field except small central spot is lost in each eye, patient is unable to see in either the left or right visual field

53
Q

secondary visual cortex location

A

occipital lobe, brodmann areas 18 and 19

54
Q

secondary visual cortex blood supply

A

PCA

55
Q

secondary visual cortex function

A

recognize and distinguish shape (form), color, spatial orientation and movement

56
Q

secondary visual cortex lesion

A

visual agnosia = loss of the ability to recognize or distinguish shapes, forms, colors or spatial orientation and movement

57
Q

agnosia

A

refers to a loss of the ability to recognize and/or perceive sensory information

58
Q

color agnosia

A

is a form of visual agnosia, loss of the ability to recognize colors (stroke, tumor, or trauma)

59
Q

color blindness

A

congential dysfunction of the rods/cones of the eye, inability to recognize colors

60
Q

achromatopsia

A

congenital inability to perceive colors, complete - only perceive things in black, white, or shades of gray, incomplete - some color perception possible

61
Q

visual association cortices

A

what is it? and where is it? pathways

62
Q

visual association cortices pathways

A

parietal lobe - posterior/superior region of parietal lobe
temporal lobe - inferior surface of temporal lobe

63
Q

visual association cortices blood supply

A

PCA

64
Q

where is it pathway? location

A

parietal lobe, brodmann area 7

65
Q

where is it pathway? function

A

spatial processing

66
Q

where is it pathway? lesion

A

loss of the ability to recognize relationship “awareness” between location/movement of objects and the body

67
Q

what is it pathway? location

A

temporal lobe, inferior surface aka fusiform gyrus
brodmann area 37

68
Q

what is is pathway? function

A

object processing, recognizing faces and places, interprets face and complex 3D spatial forms (place) and plays role in encoding visual memory

69
Q

what is it pathway? lesion

A

loss of the ability to “recognize faces & places”
prosopagnosia

70
Q

prosopagnosia

A

loss of the ability to recognize and identify familiar faces

71
Q

visual sensory areas clinical application - reading

A

requires ability to detect, recognize and interpret letter shapes, words and sentences

72
Q

reading pathways of the brain

A

visual sensory areas and language processing areas - occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes
motor areas for speaking or writing - frontal lobe

73
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty in the ability in learning to fluently and accurately read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols

74
Q

non-dyslexic individual

A

Inferior parietal lobe and Broca’s area process new words and will encode into temporal areas to encode for quick recognition and long-term memory

75
Q

dyslexic individual

A

activity of inferior parietal lobe and temporal lobe are limited when reading and Broca’s area extremely active (compensates) to process words by connecting sounds with letters

76
Q

primary somatosensory cortex location

A

parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus immediately posterior to central sulcus
Brodmann’s area 3,1,2

77
Q

primary somatosensory cortex blood supply

A

superior branch MCA = face, UE, neck and upper trunk
ACA = lower trunk, LE

78
Q

primary somatosensory cortex function

A

detect/localize somatosensory sensation from the contralateral side of the body, cortex is organized as HOMUNCULUS

79
Q

lateral region of area 3,1,2

A

function = UE, head, neck
blood supply = MCA superior

80
Q

medial region of area 3,1,2

A

function = LE/trunk
blood supply = ACA

81
Q

primary somatosensory cortex lesion

A

contralateral hemianesthesia, loss of the ability to detect and localize somatosensory input (touch, proprioception, temperature, nociception) on OPPOSITE side of the body

82
Q

anesthesia

A

inability to detect sensation

83
Q

analgesia

A

inability to feel pain

84
Q

secondary and associative somatosensory cortices location

A

parietal lobe, brodmann areas 40,5,7

85
Q

secondary and associative somatosensory cortices blood supply

A

superior branch of MCA

86
Q

secondary and associative somatosensory cortices function

A

recognize and interpret somatosensory characteristics, pleasant touch, pain, temperature, physical form/shape, contour, texture, movement of the body aka TACTILE PERCEPTION

87
Q

secondary and associative somatosensory cortices lesion

A

astereognosis or agraphesthia

88
Q

asterognosis

A

loss of the ability to judge the form of an object by touch

89
Q

stereognosis

A

difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin

90
Q

agraphesthesia

A

difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin

Neuro (21 decks)

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