Lecture 1 Flashcards
coronal
frontal section separates front and back
horizontal
separates brain into superior and inferior view
sagittal
medial section, splitting brain into left and right views
CNS
brain (cerebrum, diencephalon)
brainstem
cerebellum
spinal cord
PNS
motor nuceli in anterior horn of spinal cord
- spinal nerve roots that are formed by sensory and motor nerve roots
upper motor neuron location
motor pathways in the cortex, brainstem, spinal cord
upper motor neuron lesion
muscle tone = hypertonia
reflexes = hyperreflexia
weakness = spastic paralysis
atrophy = slow/disuse atrophy
lower motor neuron location
peripheral nervous system, motor pathways in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, motor spinal nerve root, plexus and/or the PNS
lower motor neuron lesion
muscle tone = hypotonia
reflexes = hyporeflexia
weakness = flaccid paralysis
atrophy = quick atrophy
lobes of cerebrum
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insular lobe (cortex)
limbic lobe (not a true anatomical lobe)
cerebrum location
cerebrum surrounds the diencephalon = deep structures of the brain form the diencephalon
- two cerebral hemispheres that share similar functions and also have very different functions
white matter
- MYELINATED axons that connect the different regions of the CNS
- allow different regions of the CNS to communicate so function can occur
- myelination allows action potential to travel faster
grey matter
- neuronal cells (cell bodies and UNMYELINATED axons)
- makes up outer most layer of the brain
commissural fibers
bundles of white matter that form connections between right and left hemispheres - corpus callosum, anterior commissure
projection fibers
bundles of white matter that form the connections between cerebrum and the lower regions of the CNS (brainstem/spinal cord)
afferent - sensory tracts to cortex
efferent - motor tracts from cortex
association fibers
bundles of white matter that form the connections between different regions of the same cerebral hemisphere
diencephalon location
structures of the diencephalon are located deep to the cerebrum “deep in the brain”
diencephalon structures
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus (pineal body)
subthalamus
thalamus function
relays all sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex, gateway to the consciousness, central role in modulating or regulating most functions of the body
brainstem location
between the diencephalon of the brain and the spinal cord, cerebellum attaches to the posterior portion of the brainstem = cerebellar peduncles
brainstem structures
midbrain
pons
medulla
brainstem functions
motor pathways = projection fibers leaving the cerebrum and descending to the spinal cord
sensory pathways = coming from the spinal cord transmitting pain, temp, touch and proprioception from body and face
- location of cranial nerve nuclei
- specialized cluster of nuclei that control autonomic functions of consciousness, pulmonary, cardiovascular and GI systems
cerebellum location
connected to posterior portion of brainstem via three puduncles = superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
cerebellum structures
hemispheres
vermis
cerebellum functions
- maintain balance
- maintain muscle tone/posture
- coordinated movement (corrective feedforward/backwards roles)
- motor learning/cognitive-motor role
spinal cord location
inferior to all other CNS structures and descends in the vertebral canal
spinal cord structures
white matter = ascending and descending myelinated tracts of the spinal cord, many different motor and sensory tracts are located throughout the white matter
grey matter = H shaped located in the middle of a spinal cord cross section, posterior horn - sensory input from dorsal nerve root, anterior horn - cell bodies of ventral nerve root motor axons
dorsal nerve root = sensory input
ventral nerve root = motor output
spinal cord functions
sensory function = transmit sensory information from body up to the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and cerebrum
motor function = transmit motor information from cerebrum and from the brainstem to the skeletal muscles of th body
blood supply to the brain
internal carotid arteries ICA = branch of common carotid, enters the skull and joins the circle of Willis
vertebral arteries VA = branch of subclavian-> merge to form basilar artery-> basilar artery ascends up the front of the brainstem and enters the circle of Willis
nerve plexuses
the spinal nerve roots go on to merge and form plexuses (cervical plexus, brahcial plexus, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus)
peripheral nerves
peripheral nerves branch off from the plexuses (median nerve, radial nerve, femoral nerve, etc.)
sulci (sulcus - singular)
grooes in the surface of the cerebrum that are located between gyri
fissure = large sulcus
gyri (gyrus - singular)
raised, rounded surfaces of the cerebrum separated by sulci
frontal lobe location
anterior to central sulcus
frontal lobe function
motor control, motor planning, executive functions
parietal lobe location
between frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes, shares a border with each
parietal lobe function
- somatic sensation of body/face
- higher order processing of all sensory input (somatosensory, visual, and auditory)
- sends processed information to frontal lobe for action
temporal lobe location
inferior to frontal/parietal lobes
- lateral sulcus separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe
temporal lobe function
auditory function, understanding of speech function, major role in memory function
occipital lobe location
posterior portion of cerebrum
occipital lobe function
visual function
insular lobe location
deep to temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes
insular lobe function
links sensory input/experience with emotional valence (subjective worth)
- multimodal sensory processing, autonomic centrol/processing
- interoception = sense of what is going on inside your body
- self-awareness and emotional guidance of social behavior
limbic lobe location
not a true anatomical lobe, within the diencephalon and communicate with pre-frontal lobe, thalamus, and other lobes
- best viewed in sagittal view
limbic lobe function
plays role in responses to emotional stimuli, associated with memory, attention, emotions, sexual urges, character, and behavior
longitudinal fissure (sulcus)
separates the right and left hemispheres
corpus callosum
bottom of longitudinal fissure, connects the right and left hemispheres
lateral fissure (Sylvian)
separates frontal and temporal lobes
central sulcus of Rolando
separates frontal and parietal lobes
parieto-occipital sulcus
located on medial surface, separates parietal and occipital lobes
cingulate gyrus
part of limbic system
cingulate sulcus
located superior to cingulate gyrus
landmarks of frontal lobe
pre-central gyrus
frontal pole
superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
landmarks of parietal lobe
post-central gyrus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule - supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus
landmarks of temporal lobe (lateral view)
superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus
landmarks of temporal lobe (inferior view)
occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform)
parahippocampal gyrus
landmarks of occipital lobe (sagittal view)
calcarine sulcus - only visible on the sagittal view of the brain, separates upper and lower occipital lobe (upper and lower eye fields of vision)
hypothalamus function
maintains homeostasis of body = temp, food, circadian rhythm, connects CNS to endocrine system
epithalamus (pineal body)
influences secretion of endocrine system
subthalamus
plays role in motor movement via connection with the basal ganglia
anterior cerebral artery ACA
supplies sagittal wall of hemispheres and portions of pre-frontal lobe
middle cerebral artery MCA
supplies the lateral hemispheres
posterior cerebral artery PCA
supplies occipital love and inferior temporal lobe
brainstem and cerebellum blood supply
branches of the basilar artery and a branch from the vertebral arteries
