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Neuro > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

coronal

A

frontal section separates front and back

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2
Q

horizontal

A

separates brain into superior and inferior view

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3
Q

sagittal

A

medial section, splitting brain into left and right views

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4
Q

CNS

A

brain (cerebrum, diencephalon)
brainstem
cerebellum
spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS

A

motor nuceli in anterior horn of spinal cord
- spinal nerve roots that are formed by sensory and motor nerve roots

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6
Q

upper motor neuron location

A

motor pathways in the cortex, brainstem, spinal cord

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7
Q

upper motor neuron lesion

A

muscle tone = hypertonia
reflexes = hyperreflexia
weakness = spastic paralysis
atrophy = slow/disuse atrophy

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8
Q

lower motor neuron location

A

peripheral nervous system, motor pathways in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, motor spinal nerve root, plexus and/or the PNS

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9
Q

lower motor neuron lesion

A

muscle tone = hypotonia
reflexes = hyporeflexia
weakness = flaccid paralysis
atrophy = quick atrophy

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10
Q

lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insular lobe (cortex)
limbic lobe (not a true anatomical lobe)

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11
Q

cerebrum location

A

cerebrum surrounds the diencephalon = deep structures of the brain form the diencephalon
- two cerebral hemispheres that share similar functions and also have very different functions

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12
Q

white matter

A
  • MYELINATED axons that connect the different regions of the CNS
  • allow different regions of the CNS to communicate so function can occur
  • myelination allows action potential to travel faster
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13
Q

grey matter

A
  • neuronal cells (cell bodies and UNMYELINATED axons)
  • makes up outer most layer of the brain
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14
Q

commissural fibers

A

bundles of white matter that form connections between right and left hemispheres - corpus callosum, anterior commissure

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15
Q

projection fibers

A

bundles of white matter that form the connections between cerebrum and the lower regions of the CNS (brainstem/spinal cord)
afferent - sensory tracts to cortex
efferent - motor tracts from cortex

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16
Q

association fibers

A

bundles of white matter that form the connections between different regions of the same cerebral hemisphere

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17
Q

diencephalon location

A

structures of the diencephalon are located deep to the cerebrum “deep in the brain”

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18
Q

diencephalon structures

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus (pineal body)
subthalamus

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19
Q

thalamus function

A

relays all sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex, gateway to the consciousness, central role in modulating or regulating most functions of the body

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20
Q

brainstem location

A

between the diencephalon of the brain and the spinal cord, cerebellum attaches to the posterior portion of the brainstem = cerebellar peduncles

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21
Q

brainstem structures

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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22
Q

brainstem functions

A

motor pathways = projection fibers leaving the cerebrum and descending to the spinal cord
sensory pathways = coming from the spinal cord transmitting pain, temp, touch and proprioception from body and face
- location of cranial nerve nuclei
- specialized cluster of nuclei that control autonomic functions of consciousness, pulmonary, cardiovascular and GI systems

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23
Q

cerebellum location

A

connected to posterior portion of brainstem via three puduncles = superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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24
Q

cerebellum structures

A

hemispheres
vermis

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25
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  • maintain balance
  • maintain muscle tone/posture
  • coordinated movement (corrective feedforward/backwards roles)
  • motor learning/cognitive-motor role
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26
Q

spinal cord location

A

inferior to all other CNS structures and descends in the vertebral canal

27
Q

spinal cord structures

A

white matter = ascending and descending myelinated tracts of the spinal cord, many different motor and sensory tracts are located throughout the white matter
grey matter = H shaped located in the middle of a spinal cord cross section, posterior horn - sensory input from dorsal nerve root, anterior horn - cell bodies of ventral nerve root motor axons
dorsal nerve root = sensory input
ventral nerve root = motor output

28
Q

spinal cord functions

A

sensory function = transmit sensory information from body up to the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and cerebrum
motor function = transmit motor information from cerebrum and from the brainstem to the skeletal muscles of th body

29
Q

blood supply to the brain

A

internal carotid arteries ICA = branch of common carotid, enters the skull and joins the circle of Willis
vertebral arteries VA = branch of subclavian-> merge to form basilar artery-> basilar artery ascends up the front of the brainstem and enters the circle of Willis

30
Q

nerve plexuses

A

the spinal nerve roots go on to merge and form plexuses (cervical plexus, brahcial plexus, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus)

31
Q

peripheral nerves

A

peripheral nerves branch off from the plexuses (median nerve, radial nerve, femoral nerve, etc.)

32
Q

sulci (sulcus - singular)

A

grooes in the surface of the cerebrum that are located between gyri
fissure = large sulcus

33
Q

gyri (gyrus - singular)

A

raised, rounded surfaces of the cerebrum separated by sulci

34
Q

frontal lobe location

A

anterior to central sulcus

35
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor control, motor planning, executive functions

36
Q

parietal lobe location

A

between frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes, shares a border with each

37
Q

parietal lobe function

A
  • somatic sensation of body/face
  • higher order processing of all sensory input (somatosensory, visual, and auditory)
  • sends processed information to frontal lobe for action
38
Q

temporal lobe location

A

inferior to frontal/parietal lobes
- lateral sulcus separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe

39
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory function, understanding of speech function, major role in memory function

40
Q

occipital lobe location

A

posterior portion of cerebrum

41
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual function

42
Q

insular lobe location

A

deep to temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes

43
Q

insular lobe function

A

links sensory input/experience with emotional valence (subjective worth)
- multimodal sensory processing, autonomic centrol/processing
- interoception = sense of what is going on inside your body
- self-awareness and emotional guidance of social behavior

44
Q

limbic lobe location

A

not a true anatomical lobe, within the diencephalon and communicate with pre-frontal lobe, thalamus, and other lobes
- best viewed in sagittal view

45
Q

limbic lobe function

A

plays role in responses to emotional stimuli, associated with memory, attention, emotions, sexual urges, character, and behavior

46
Q

longitudinal fissure (sulcus)

A

separates the right and left hemispheres

47
Q

corpus callosum

A

bottom of longitudinal fissure, connects the right and left hemispheres

48
Q

lateral fissure (Sylvian)

A

separates frontal and temporal lobes

49
Q

central sulcus of Rolando

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

50
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

located on medial surface, separates parietal and occipital lobes

51
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

part of limbic system

52
Q

cingulate sulcus

A

located superior to cingulate gyrus

53
Q

landmarks of frontal lobe

A

pre-central gyrus
frontal pole
superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus

54
Q

landmarks of parietal lobe

A

post-central gyrus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule - supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus

55
Q

landmarks of temporal lobe (lateral view)

A

superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus

56
Q

landmarks of temporal lobe (inferior view)

A

occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform)
parahippocampal gyrus

57
Q

landmarks of occipital lobe (sagittal view)

A

calcarine sulcus - only visible on the sagittal view of the brain, separates upper and lower occipital lobe (upper and lower eye fields of vision)

58
Q

hypothalamus function

A

maintains homeostasis of body = temp, food, circadian rhythm, connects CNS to endocrine system

59
Q

epithalamus (pineal body)

A

influences secretion of endocrine system

60
Q

subthalamus

A

plays role in motor movement via connection with the basal ganglia

61
Q

anterior cerebral artery ACA

A

supplies sagittal wall of hemispheres and portions of pre-frontal lobe

62
Q

middle cerebral artery MCA

A

supplies the lateral hemispheres

63
Q

posterior cerebral artery PCA

A

supplies occipital love and inferior temporal lobe

64
Q

brainstem and cerebellum blood supply

A

branches of the basilar artery and a branch from the vertebral arteries

Neuro (21 decks)

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