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College Biology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 things that make up the sexual life cycles of cells?

A
  1. Meiosis
  2. Fertilization
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2
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Somatic cells (nonreproductive) that have 2 sets of chromosomes (2 sets of 23 chromosomes)

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3
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Gametes (egg and sperm) that have only 1 set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes).

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4
Q

Which is the dominant state of reproduction in animal cells?

A

The diploid state.

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5
Q

What makes up meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

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6
Q

What makes up Meiosis I & II?

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, & Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

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7
Q

What is the reduction division?

A

The first meiotic division that results in daughter cells that contain one homologue from each chromosome pair.

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8
Q

Is there DNA replication in meiotic division?

A

no.

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9
Q

In Meiosis what happens after Interphase?

A

The germ-line cells enter meiosis I.

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10
Q

What is synapsis?

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes.

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11
Q

Wheb does synapsis occur?

A

During prophase I.

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12
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

During Prophase I.

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13
Q

What is the site of crossing over called?

A

Chiasmata.

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14
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of crossing over?

A

To mix up genes.

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16
Q

Which phase of meiosis is the same as mitosis?

A

Meiosis I.

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17
Q

What happens during prophase I?

A

The chromosomes coiled tighter, chromosomes form x’s, and synapsis occurs.

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18
Q

What happens during Metaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes lock together after crossing over, microtubules attach, and they align in a double line.

19
Q

How are chromosomes align during Metaphase I?

A

Randomly.

20
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

Chiasmata break and the homologous chromosomes separate.

21
Q

What happens during Telophase 1?

A

Nuclear envelope reforms.

22
Q

What happens during Prophase II?

A

Same as Mitosis Prophase and Prophase I.

23
Q

What happens during Metaphase II?

A

The chromosomes align in a single line and microtubules attach to sister chromatids.

24
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids are separated

25
Q

What happens during Telophase II?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms and after cytokinesis occurs, resulting in 4 haploid cells.

26
Q

What are 4 features of meiosis that is different from mitosis?

A
  1. Homologous pairing and crossing over
  2. Homologous chromosome line up as a double line in metaphase I
  3. Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres and segregating together during anaphase I
  4. DNA replication is suppressed between meiosis I and Meiosis II. (4 haploid cells instead of 2 diploid cells)
27
Q

Before the 20th century what were the 2 ideas about heredity?

A
  1. Heredity occurs within species
  2. Traits are transmitted directly from parent to offspring
28
Q

Who discovered many of the things we know about genes?

A

Gregor Mendel.

29
Q

Why did Gregor Menel use a pea plant for his experiments?

A
  1. Research showed that pea hybrids could be produced
  2. Many pea varieties were available
  3. Pea plants are small
  4. They can self-fertilize or cross fertilize
30
Q

What was Mendel’s experimental method?

A
  1. Produce true-breeding strains for each trait he was studying
  2. Cross-fertilize true-breeding strains having alternate forms of a trait
  3. Allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize for several generations and count the number of offspring showing each form of trait.
31
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

The trait that if it is present will be shown.

32
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

The trait that will only be shown if no dominant traits are present.

33
Q

What is F1 generation?

A

Offspring produced by crossing 2 true-breeding strains.

34
Q

What is F2 generation?

A

Offspring resulting from the self-fertilization of F1 plants.

35
Q

What is the ratio of organisms with dominant traits to organisms with recessive traits?

A

3:1 (dominant to recessive).

36
Q

What is the 3:1 ratio actually?

A

1 true breeding dominant plant, 2 non-true-breeding dominant plants, 1 true-breeding- recessive plant.

37
Q

What is Mendel’s 5 element model?

A
  1. Parents transmit discrete factors (genes)
  2. Each individual receives one copy of a gene from each parent
  3. Not all copies of a gene are identical
  4. Alleles remain discreate (no blending)
  5. Presence of allele does not guarantee expression
38
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene.

39
Q

What is a homozygous?

A

2 of the same allele.

40
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Different alleles.

41
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A total set of alleles an individual contains.

42
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical appearance.

43
Q
A

College Biology (24 decks)

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