Lecture 3

Question 1

What are cells made of?

Answer 1

Macromolecules.

Question 2

What are macromolecules?

Answer 2

Complex polymers made from monomers.

Question 3

What are polymers made of?

Answer 3

Linked monomers.

Question 4

What is a monomer?

Answer 4

Small, similar chemical subunits.

Question 5

What is the monomer that makes up DNA and RNA?

Answer 5

Nucleotides.

Question 6

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 6

It encodes genes.

Question 7

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 7

It is needed for gene expression.

Question 8

What are 2 types of protiens?

Answer 8

1. Functional
2. Structural

Question 9

What is the function of functional protiens?

Answer 9

Catalysis and transport.

Question 10

What is the function of structural protiens?

Answer 10

Support.

Question 11

What are 5 types of lipids?

Answer 11

1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Prostaglandins
4. Steroids
5. Terpenes

Question 12

What is the function of triglycerides?

Answer 12

Energy storage.

Question 13

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 13

The formation of a polymer from monomers by the removal of water.

Question 14

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 14

Cell membranes.

Question 15

What is the function of prostaglandins?

Answer 15

chemical messengers.

Question 16

What is the function of steroids?

Answer 16

membranes; hormones.

Question 17

What is the function of terpenes?

Answer 17

pigments; structural support

Question 18

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 18

The breakdown of polymers into monomers by the addition of water.

Question 19

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 19

Energy and structural support.

Question 20

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

Answer 20

One carbon atom for every one water molecule.

Question 21

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 21

Simple sugars

Question 22

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
4. Ribose
5. Deoxyribose

Question 23

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 23

Two monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis.

Question 24

What are disaccharides function?

Answer 24

Sugar transport and energy storage.

Question 25

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 25

1. Sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose

Question 26

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 26

Long chains of monosaccharides that are linked through dehydration synthesis.

Question 27

What are polysaccharides function?

Answer 27

Energy storage and structural support.

Question 28

What are examples of polysaccharides used as energy storage?

Answer 28

1. Starch in plants 2. Glycogen in animals

Question 29

What are examples of polysaccharides used as structural support?

Answer 29

1. Cellulose in plants 2. Chitin in arthropods and fungi

Question 30

What are 4 types of macromolecules?

Answer 30

1. Carbohydrates 2. Nucleic acids 3. Proteins 4. Lipids

Question 31

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 31

A polymer made out of nucleotide monomers.

Question 32

What is DNA?

Answer 32

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 33

What is RNA?

Answer 33

Ribonucleic acid.

Question 34

What does RNA and DNA do?

Answer 34

Stores genetic information.

Question 35

What are functions of proteins?

Answer 35

1. Enzyme catalysis 2. Defense 3. Transport 4. Support 5. Motion 6. Regulation 7. Storage

Question 36

What are proteins?

Answer 36

Polymers.

Question 37

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 37

bonds between amino acids

Question 38

What are the 4 levels of structure for protiens?

Answer 38

1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quaternary structure

Question 39

What is the primary structure level of protiens?

Answer 39

Sequence of amino acids.

Question 40

What is the secondary structure level of protiens?

Answer 40

Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone. 1. Helix - coiled spiral 2. Sheet - planar structure

Question 41

What is the teritarystructure level of protiens?

Answer 41

Final folded shape of a globular protein.

Question 42

What is the quaternary structure level of protiens?

Answer 42

Arrangement of individual chains in a protein with two or more polypeptide chains.

Question 43

What are chaperones proteins?

Answer 43

Structures that help proteins fold properly.

Question 44

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 44

A hereditary disorder where the protein has the correct amino acid sequence, but fails to fold.

Question 45

What is denaturation?

Answer 45

When a protein is not folded correctly and loses structure and function.

Question 46

What are some reasons for denaturalization of proteins?

Answer 46

1. pH 2. Temperature 3. Ionic concentration of solution

Question 47

What are enzymes?

Answer 47

Proteins that function as biological catalysts.

Question 48

Why are enzymes important?

Answer 48

Because without enzymes, many biological reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life.

Question 49

What are lipids?

Answer 49

Loosely defined group of molecules that are insoluble in water.

Question 50

What are 2 types of fats?

Answer 50

1. Triglycerides 2. Fatty acids

Question 51

What are saturated fatty acids?

Answer 51

They have no double bonds between carbon atoms and have a higher melting point.

Question 52

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 52

They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and have a low melting point.

Question 53

What do phospholipids do?

Answer 53

Form biological membranes.

Question 54

What are phospholipids made of?

Answer 54

Glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group. (Heads go outside and tails go inside, forming membranes)

Question 55

What are Micelles?

Answer 55

Lipid molecules oriented with polar (hydrophilic) head toward water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails away from the water.