Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are cells made of?
Macromolecules.
What are macromolecules?
Complex polymers made from monomers.
What are polymers made of?
Linked monomers.
What is a monomer?
Small, similar chemical subunits.
What is the monomer that makes up DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides.
What is the function of DNA?
It encodes genes.
What is the function of RNA?
It is needed for gene expression.
What are 2 types of protiens?
- Functional
- Structural
What is the function of functional protiens?
Catalysis and transport.
What is the function of structural protiens?
Support.
What are 5 types of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Prostaglandins
- Steroids
- Terpenes
What is the function of triglycerides?
Energy storage.
What is dehydration synthesis?
The formation of a polymer from monomers by the removal of water.
What is the function of phospholipids?
Cell membranes.
What is the function of prostaglandins?
chemical messengers.
What is the function of steroids?
membranes; hormones.
What is the function of terpenes?
pigments; structural support
What is Hydrolysis?
The breakdown of polymers into monomers by the addition of water.
What are carbohydrates used for?
Energy and structural support.
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
One carbon atom for every one water molecule.
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What are examples of monosaccharides?
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis.
What are disaccharides function?
Sugar transport and energy storage.
What are examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides that are linked through dehydration synthesis.
What are polysaccharides function?
Energy storage and structural support.
What are examples of polysaccharides used as energy storage?
- Starch in plants
- Glycogen in animals
What are examples of polysaccharides used as structural support?
- Cellulose in plants
- Chitin in arthropods and fungi
What are 4 types of macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
What are nucleic acids?
A polymer made out of nucleotide monomers.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic acid.
What does RNA and DNA do?
Stores genetic information.
What are functions of proteins?
- Enzyme catalysis
- Defense
- Transport
- Support
- Motion
- Regulation
- Storage
What are proteins?
Polymers.
What are peptide bonds?
bonds between amino acids
What are the 4 levels of structure for protiens?
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
What is the primary structure level of protiens?
Sequence of amino acids.
What is the secondary structure level of protiens?
Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone.
1. Helix - coiled spiral
2. Sheet - planar structure
What is the teritarystructure level of protiens?
Final folded shape of a globular protein.
What is the quaternary structure level of protiens?
Arrangement of individual chains in a protein with two or more polypeptide chains.
What are chaperones proteins?
Structures that help proteins fold properly.
What is cystic fibrosis?
A hereditary disorder where the protein has the correct amino acid sequence, but fails to fold.
What is denaturation?
When a protein is not folded correctly and loses structure and function.
What are some reasons for denaturalization of proteins?
- pH
- Temperature
- Ionic concentration of solution
What are enzymes?
Proteins that function as biological catalysts.
Why are enzymes important?
Because without enzymes, many biological reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life.
What are lipids?
Loosely defined group of molecules that are insoluble in water.
What are 2 types of fats?
- Triglycerides
- Fatty acids
What are saturated fatty acids?
They have no double bonds between carbon atoms and have a higher melting point.
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and have a low melting point.
What do phospholipids do?
Form biological membranes.
What are phospholipids made of?
Glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group. (Heads go outside and tails go inside, forming membranes)
What are Micelles?
Lipid molecules oriented with polar (hydrophilic) head toward water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails away from the water.
