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College Biology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells made of?

A

Macromolecules.

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Complex polymers made from monomers.

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3
Q

What are polymers made of?

A

Linked monomers.

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small, similar chemical subunits.

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5
Q

What is the monomer that makes up DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides.

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6
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It encodes genes.

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7
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

It is needed for gene expression.

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8
Q

What are 2 types of protiens?

A
  1. Functional
  2. Structural
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9
Q

What is the function of functional protiens?

A

Catalysis and transport.

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10
Q

What is the function of structural protiens?

A

Support.

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11
Q

What are 5 types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Prostaglandins
  4. Steroids
  5. Terpenes
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12
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage.

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The formation of a polymer from monomers by the removal of water.

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14
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Cell membranes.

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15
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

chemical messengers.

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16
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

membranes; hormones.

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17
Q

What is the function of terpenes?

A

pigments; structural support

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18
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

The breakdown of polymers into monomers by the addition of water.

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19
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Energy and structural support.

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20
Q

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

A

One carbon atom for every one water molecule.

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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22
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Ribose
  5. Deoxyribose
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23
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis.

24
Q

What are disaccharides function?

A

Sugar transport and energy storage.

25
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
26
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides that are linked through dehydration synthesis.

27
Q

What are polysaccharides function?

A

Energy storage and structural support.

28
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides used as energy storage?

A
  1. Starch in plants
  2. Glycogen in animals
29
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides used as structural support?

A
  1. Cellulose in plants
  2. Chitin in arthropods and fungi
30
Q

What are 4 types of macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Nucleic acids
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
31
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

A polymer made out of nucleotide monomers.

32
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

33
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid.

34
Q

What does RNA and DNA do?

A

Stores genetic information.

35
Q

What are functions of proteins?

A
  1. Enzyme catalysis
  2. Defense
  3. Transport
  4. Support
  5. Motion
  6. Regulation
  7. Storage
36
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers.

37
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

bonds between amino acids

38
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure for protiens?

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Tertiary structure
  4. Quaternary structure
39
Q

What is the primary structure level of protiens?

A

Sequence of amino acids.

40
Q

What is the secondary structure level of protiens?

A

Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone.
1. Helix - coiled spiral
2. Sheet - planar structure

41
Q

What is the teritarystructure level of protiens?

A

Final folded shape of a globular protein.

42
Q

What is the quaternary structure level of protiens?

A

Arrangement of individual chains in a protein with two or more polypeptide chains.

43
Q

What are chaperones proteins?

A

Structures that help proteins fold properly.

44
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A hereditary disorder where the protein has the correct amino acid sequence, but fails to fold.

45
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When a protein is not folded correctly and loses structure and function.

46
Q

What are some reasons for denaturalization of proteins?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Ionic concentration of solution
47
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that function as biological catalysts.

48
Q

Why are enzymes important?

A

Because without enzymes, many biological reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life.

49
Q

What are lipids?

A

Loosely defined group of molecules that are insoluble in water.

50
Q

What are 2 types of fats?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Fatty acids
51
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

They have no double bonds between carbon atoms and have a higher melting point.

52
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and have a low melting point.

53
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Form biological membranes.

54
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group. (Heads go outside and tails go inside, forming membranes)

55
Q

What are Micelles?

A

Lipid molecules oriented with polar (hydrophilic) head toward water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails away from the water.

College Biology (24 decks)

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