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College Biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  1. No mutations
  2. No migration
  3. No selection
  4. Non-random mating
  5. Infinite population size
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2
Q

Is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium realistic?

A

No.

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3
Q

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg, what is it?

A

The population is evolving (not individuals).

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4
Q

How do populations evolve?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Gene flow
  4. Natural selection
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5
Q

What do the mechanisms of evolution violate?

A

The assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg.

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6
Q

What do changes in allele frequency reult in?

A

Multiple mechanisms for evolution acting at once.

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7
Q

What is the baseline for what we expect from populations?

A

The hardy wienberg.

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of mutations?

A
  1. Super vision/tetrachromy - when someone has an additional photoreceptor in the retina and can see an increased range of colors
  2. Super dense bones
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9
Q

What are the mating rituals of 2 animals?

A
  1. Penguins - Males make nests and females find the best one and males sing and females can tell who the fattest is
  2. Peacock - Males dance and show off their tail feathers
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10
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

When an organism chooses a mate with preference for a similar genotype or phenotype.

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11
Q

What is disassortative mating?

A

When an organism chooses a mate with preference for different genotypes or phenotypes.

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12
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of genes into or out of a population. It violates the non-migration assumption of Hardy-Weinberg..

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13
Q

What are 2 ways gene flow can occur?

A

Individuals moving or gametes moving (like pollen).

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14
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events. (The alleles benefit is not related)

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15
Q

What assumption of Hardy-Weinberg does this violate?

A

An infinite population size.

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16
Q

What can genetic drift result in?

A

The loss of some alleles and the fixation of others (the rise of 100% frequency).

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17
Q

When does genetic drift have a stronger effect?

A

When there is a small population.

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18
Q

What are 2 types of genetic drift?

A
  1. The bottleneck effect
  2. The founder effect
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19
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When the size of a population is reduced due to natural disasters (or any catastrophe) that leaves only a few survivors.

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20
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a group of individuals break of from a population and establish a new population, which is isolated from the original population.

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21
Q

How is the founder effect similar to the bottleneck effect?

A

They both result in populations that do not represent the diversity of the original, but one uses the mechanism of colonization and the other uses catastrophe.

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22
Q

What is the most well-known mechanism of evolution?

A

Natural selection.

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23
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Animals that adapt to their habitat and pass on those traits to their offspring so they can cope with their environment.

24
Q

What is natural selection not?

A

The strongest or smartest species surviving at the expense of other species.

25
Q

Who came up with the idea of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin.

26
Q

What was the name of the ship that Charles Darwin was on when he came up with the theory of natural selection?

A

The HMS Beagle.

27
Q

What year was Charles Darwin’s trip?

A

1831.

28
Q

Who was the book written by that Charles Darwin read before his trip on individuals struggling to obtain what is necessary to survive and reproduce?

A

Thomas Malthus.

29
Q

How long did Charles Darwin’s voyage last?

A

5 years.

30
Q

What did he do on the trip?

A

When the ship stopped, he would collect samples and make observations.

31
Q

What was the most notable island of Charles Darwin’s trip?

A

The Galapagos Islands.

32
Q

What did Darwin notice about the finches?

A

That different finches had different beak sizes depending on what food was available.

33
Q

Who wrote the book Charles Darwin read who question the history of the world as told by the Old Testament?

A

Sir Charles Lyell.

34
Q

How many years after the trip did Charles Darwin publish his book?

A

23 years.

35
Q

Why did Darwin delay the publishing of his book?

A

He wanted to perfect his work and his wife knew how much controversy it would cause.

36
Q

What are the main points of natural selection?

A
  1. Each species produces more species than can survive
  2. An ecosystem can only support a certain number of organisms
  3. Advantageous traits survive
37
Q

What is biotic?

A

Living things.

38
Q

What is abiotic?

A

nonliving things (ex: temp, pH, moisture, etc.)

39
Q

What is ecology?

A

A branch of biology; the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

40
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences that exist between at least two things.

41
Q

What are variations in phenotypes of organisms due to?

A
  1. Qualitative differences (discontinuous)
  2. Quantitative differences (continuous)
42
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

qualitative differences that fall into discrete and distinguishable categories and not usually any intermediates.

43
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Quantitative differences that do not fall into discrete categories with a range of values.

44
Q

What is an example of discontinuous variation?

A

Blood type.

45
Q

What is an example of continuous variation?

A

Height.

46
Q

Who came up with the early concepts of evolution?

A

Lamarck, a French biologist.

47
Q

Who criticized Lamarck’s idea?

A

August Weismann.

48
Q

What was August Weisman’s theory?

A

The theory of the continuity of germplasm. It said that somatic changes of an organism are non-inheritable, but changes in the germplasm (reproductive cells) can be inherited.

49
Q

What experiment did Weisman conduct to disprove Lamarck’s theory?

A

He cut off the tails of mice, but the off-spring still had tails.

50
Q

What is the main point of Lamarck’s idea?

A

That characteristics acquired during a lifetime could be inherited.

51
Q

What are the two parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A
  1. Natural selection can, over time, take an organism and transform it into a more specialized species
  2. The same mechanism can, over long periods of time, transform that organism into a different kind of organism
52
Q

Why did Darwin’s idea of evolution cause an uproar?

A

Because in his day people believed in the immutability of species, which is where species on earth are designed by God and could never fundamentally change.

53
Q

What is the case of the mind example that disproves evolutionists claim of why God isn’t real?

A

You cannot see, hear, taste, or touch your mind, but it exists. Without the mind the brain is useless.

54
Q

What is microevolution?

A

when natural selection takes an organism and transforms it into a specialized specie over time.

55
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

When natural selection transforms as organism into a different kind of organism over a long period of time.

56
Q
A

College Biology (24 decks)

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