Exam 2 Flashcards
Cellular respiration is….
A process to generate energy using oxygen.
In aerobic respiration what is glucose converted into what?
CO2, H2O, and energy.
Name the 4 steps of cellular respiration.
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
In fermentation in humans what is glucose converted into?
Lactic acid.
What is the reason for fermentation?
To recycle NADH into NAD+ to continue the cycle when there is no oxygen avaliable.
What molecule is the electron carrier that starts the electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
Glycolysis converts glucose into what?
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
What is the starting carbon molecule for the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA.
Name 3 of the products of the citric acid cycle.
ATP, NADH, FADH 2, CO2
What does ATP synthase do and what is it powered by?
It makes ATP and is powered by a protein gradient.
what are inputs and outputs of photosynthesis generally?
Inputs are light, carbon dioxide, and water. Outputs are oxygen and sugar.
What happens in light dependant reactions?
Light is used to create ATP and NADPH.
What is the main pigment in plants?
Chlorophyll.
If a cell has 1 photosystem what type of photosynthesis will it perform?
Cyclic photophosphorylatioin.
What does the photosystem do?
It is the thing with pigment that gathers light.
what happens in the light independent reactions?
CO2 and energy is used to make glucose.
Photosynthesis and respiration create an energy cycle. Explain what is meant by this.
The products made by photosynthesis are used in respiration to produce energy and the products of respiration are used in photosynthesis to produce more energy.
what is the name of the cycle in the light independent or dark reactions?
The Kelvin cycle.
What is DNA replication?
When DNA is replicated. The DNA is unwound from the double helix and each strand is used as a template for replication.
Name and describe the function of 3 of the enzymes involved in the DNA replication.
- Single strand binding proteins - coat the strands of DNA to keep them from rewinding into double helix
- Helicase - unwinds DNA
- Topoisomerase - Takes knots and twists out of DNA
What is the name of the chromosome structure at the end of the chromosome?
The telomere.
what is the process of bacterial cell division called?
Binary fission.
List in order the stages of the cell cycle.
- Interphase
A. G1 - main growth phase
B. S - DNA is replicated
C. G2 - organelles are made - Mphase
A. Mitosis - DNA is split
B. Cytokinesis - cells split
Describe the stages of mitosis.
- Prometaphase - DNA compresses and forms X’s and microtubules attach
- Metaphase - Chromosomes are moved to a single line in the middle of the cell
- Anaphase - Sister chromatids are split
- Telophase - Nuclear envelope reforms around both sets of chromosomes and chromosomes relax
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
- In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and cross over
- Chromosomes line up in double line
- No DNA is produced between Meiosis 1 and 2
- Chromatids stay connected through anaphase 1
What are the proteins (or protein complex) that control the cycle?
MPF, Cdc2, and cyclin.
Describe the stages of meiosis.
Meiosis 1
A. Prophase 1 - Chromosomes compress, synapsis occurs, and microtubules attach
B. Metaphase 1 - chromosomes move to the middle of the cell in double line
C. Anaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes are split
D. Telophase 1 - nuclear envelope reforms
Meiosis 2
A. prophase 2 - Same as 1
B. Metaphase 2 - Chromosomes move to middle of cell
C. Anaphase 2 - sister chromatids are separated
D. Telophase 2 - nuclear envelope reforms
Results in 4 haploid cells.
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
A genotype are the genes an organism has. A phenotype is the traits an organism has.
Height is a trait that many different phenotype. what is the explanation for variation?
There is not only one gene that affects height.
What does it mean to be heterozygous?
To have 2 different alleles.
What is the difference between a gene that is dominant, co-dominant, or incomplete dominant in heterozygous situations?
- If a gene is dominant, it gets its way and is expressed
- If a gene is co-dominant, both genes get their way and are expressed
- If a gene is incompletely dominant, neither gene gets their way and are watered down
What is it called if an organism has more or less copies of chromosome than it is normal?
Polypeptide.
