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conservation biology > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

describe ex situ

A

• Ex situ= off site
○ Used when low pop + situations that are very dire
○ Don’t have to worry about natural issues

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2
Q

describe in situ

A

• In situ= in place ( more preferred)

○ Cost effective, don’t have to worry about zoos, etc

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3
Q

why ex situ? 6 points

A
  • Research
    • Education
    • Reinforce natural pops
    • Pop insurance
    • Restoration
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4
Q

why not ex situ

A
  • Can only do one sp. At a time

* Loss of genetic variation

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5
Q

links btwn in and ex situ?

A

ex situ conservation raise funds that go to in situ
trade btwn establishing breeding programs and viable wild pops
developing, using, and selling noew products - funds go back to both

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6
Q

3 ways Bringing back extinct sp.?

A

back breeding, cloning, genomic reconstruction

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7
Q

describe back breeding

A

○ Artificial selection- attempt to assemble genes of an extinct species/subspecies = try to recreate
○ Ppl are skeptical of its efficacy
○ Ex. Quagga- sub sp of zebra

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8
Q

describe cloning

A

○ Works if sp are closely related

○ Ex. Ibex (goat), cloned via frozen skin samples - use other subsp. As surrogate

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9
Q

describe genomic reconstruction

A

○ e.g. passenger pigeon, was highly populated
§ Eaten for cheap protein + hunted for sport
§ Last one died in captivity in 1914
§ Pop. Wasn’t expected to deplete bc of high pop numbers
○ Make a genomic “frankenstein”; take genomic info from a sp. And put it back together
○ Have to consider how it would affect other sp once its put into a habitat

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10
Q

Other ex situ conservation strategies?

A

• Botanical gardens
• Aquariums
○ Many marine organisms can survive

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11
Q

• What is a protected area?

A

• A clearly defined geographic space, recognized, dedt6icated, and
managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve
the long-term conservation of nature with associated
ecosystem services and cultural values

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12
Q

• Global trends in protected areas?

A

terrestrial protected areas doubled, marine increased by tenfold
•
• Marine areas surround/protect land areas as seen in fig. 8.2

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13
Q

IUCN types of protected areas?

A 
• Nature reserves - category IA
	• Wilderness areas - IB 
	• National parks - II
	• Natural monuments - III 
	• Habitat/sp. Management areas - IV
	• Protected landscapes and seascapes - V
Managed-resource protected areas - VI
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14
Q

Disadvantages + advantages of human presence in protected areas

A
  • Pros: lots of ppl love nature + areas are more cared for

* Cons: hard to maintain areas that not many ppl go to

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15
Q

AB - describe wilderness areas

A

• Preserve + protect natural heritage while providing opportunities for non consumptive, nature based outdoor recreation
limited opportunity for recreation such as hiking

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16
Q

AB •

• Ecological reserves

A

• Ecological reserves preserve and protect natural heritage in an
undisturbed state for scientific research and education.

• Ecological reserves contain representative, rare and fragile landscapes,
plants, animals and geological features.
- primary intent is strict
reservation Of natural ecosystems, habitats and features and associated
Biodiversity.

17
Q

AB Wildland provincial parks

A

are a type of provincial park specifically
established to preserve and protect natural heritage and provide
opportunities for backcountry recreation.
• large, undeveloped natural landscapes that
retain their primeval character.

• Some wildland parks provide significant opportunities for eco-tourism and
adventure activlties s

18
Q

AB Heritage rangeland

A

• Heritage rangelands preserve and protect natural features that are representative of Alberta’s
prairies. Grazing is used to maintain the grassland ecology.
•

19
Q

AB prov. parks

A

rovincial parks play a key role in preserving Alberta’s natural heritage. They
• support outdoor recreation, heritage tourism and natural heritage appreciation activities that depend on and are compatible with the natural environment
•

20
Q

AB prov. rec. areas

A

• Provincial recreation areas support outdoor recreation and tourism. They
often provide access to lakes, rivers, reservoirs and adjacent Crown land.
- support a range of outdoor activities in natural,
modified and man-made settings.
• They are managed with outdoor recreation as the primary objective.

21
Q

AB NATURAL areas

A

• Natural areas preserve and protect sites of local significance while
providing opportunities for low-impact recreation and nature
appreciation activities.

• Natural areas include natural and near-natural landscapes of
regional and local importance for nature-based recreation and
heritage appreciation.
• Natural areas are typically quite small, although some are quite
large.

22
Q

Wilmore wilderness park

A

• In addition to the seven classifications within the Alberta parks
system, Wilmore Wilderness Park is a unique area.
• Willmore Wilderness Park is similar in intent to wildland provincial parks
•the second largest park in the
Alberta parks system.
• Wilmore represents some Of the best habitat for a number Of wildlife
species. It is estimated that 20% of Alberta’s mountain goats and bighorn
s eep are found in Willmore. Other species include grizzly bear, mountain
caribou, cougars and wolves.

23
Q

• Multi-use protected areas?

A
  • Protected landscapes and seascapes — Category V
  • Managed-resource protected areas — Category VI
  • Categories V and VI are multi-use protected areas
24
Q

ex of multiuse protected areas

A

yellow stone to yukon conservation initiative
○ Protect grizzly bear migration
○ Protect corridor movement (where animals naturally migrate)
○ Areas near this are mostly privately owned, had to make agreements w owners to protect it

25
Q

• Protected areas in theory ex?

A

.g. protected marine areas

○ “no take” (no fishing) marine protected areas by adding legislation

26
Q

• Measuring effectiveness: gap analysis?

A

• Graph shows gap in conservations
• GIS (geogrph. Info system)
○ Can see which sp. Needs protection
§ e.g. sp A & B partially protected, SP. C is not protected
§ Can see this when their layers overlap, preserved areas overlap w A & B

27
Q

four Rs of protected area design

A
  • Representation
    • Resiliency
    • Redundancy - more copies of protected areas
    • Reality
28
Q

park design considerations? 10

A
  1. ecosystem completely protected
  2. larger reserve
  3. unfragmented reserve
  4. more reserves
  5. corridors maintained btwn reserves
  6. stepping stones for movement btwn reserves
  7. diverse habitats
  8. reserve rounder (less edge effects)
  9. reserves managed regionally instead of individually
  10. human integration buffer zones
29
Q

why larger parks preferred?

A
  • Estimate of extinction rates for mammals
    • Larger parks - extinction rates zero
    • Smaller parks - rates are higher
30
Q

do protected areas work? why?

A

yes, meta analysis study showing local biodiversity higher in protected terrestrial areas

31
Q

why might the meta anylsis be flawed?

A

• Sample as efficiently as possible, unfortunately difficult to get all samples
• Protected areas arent as protected as assumed from figure 2
Maybe not taking the right measures or errors in collecting data

32
Q

what was found in human dom sites?

A

• In human dom sites: inside protected areas more abundant + higher in sp. Richness

33
Q

ecological succession?

A

• Ecological succession is the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time. Gradually, these communities replace one another until a “climax community”—like a mature forest—is reached, or until a disturbance, like a fire, occurs.
Areas that have more fires
• Restoring areas during/after fires
• After: different ages of trees
• Many pests such as pine beetles feed von them
• Sometimes allowing rather than suppressing fires

34
Q

describe habitat corridors

A

• Function: connecting diff habitat fragments on the landscape to allow animals to move
Ex. Banff- added an overpass and compensation sites (set up specifically to facilitate movement)

35
Q

look at adaptive management chart

A

ok

36
Q

what is the challenge of humans in protected areas

A

managing them to avoid conflict w wildlife

37
Q

zoning and biosphere reserve parts?

A

core area, buffer zone, transition zone

38
Q

• Challenges to protected areas? 6

A
  • Poaching
  • Trophy hunting
  • Human-animal conflict
  • Degradation
  • Climate change
  • Funding and personnel

conservation biology (16 decks)

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