Lecture 8a Flashcards

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1
Q

In E. coli, what is the origin of replication called?

A

oriC

This stands for ‘origin of Chromosomal replication’

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2
Q

What direction does synthesis of DNA proceed around the bacterial chromosome?

A

Bidirectionally

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3
Q

Where do the replication forks eventually meet?

A

They eventually meet at the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome.

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4
Q

How is bacterial DNA replication initiated?

A

It is initiated by the binding of DnaA proteins to the DnaA box sequences.

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5
Q

What does the binding of DnaA proteins stimulate?

A

It stimulates the cooperative binding of an additional 20 to 40 DnaA proteins to form a large complex.

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6
Q

What does the large DnaA protein complex cause?

A

The DnaA box region wraps around the DnaA protein complex and separates the AT-rich region.

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7
Q

Label the AT-rich region and the DnaA boxes.

A
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8
Q

What separates DNA bidirectionally, creating 2 replication forks?

A

DNA helicase

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9
Q

After the AT-rich region has been separated, what occurs next?

A

DNA helicase loads onto the single strands.

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10
Q

What is DNA helicase and what does it do?

A

It is composed of 6 subunits and travels along the DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction using energy from ATP to ‘unzip’ the strands.

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11
Q

From the single origin of replication, what do we get in bacteria?

A

Synthesis of leading and lagging strands.

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12
Q

How many RNA primers are needed for leading strand synthesis?

A

One RNA primer is made at the origin of replication by Primase.

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13
Q

What does Primase do?

A

Loads the RNA primers onto a single strand.

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14
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

Attaches nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

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15
Q

Does leading and lagging strand synthesis take place in the 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’ direction?

A

In the 5’ to 3’ direction.

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16
Q

What differs directionally about the leading and lagging strand?

A

The leading strand goes towards the replication fork, whereas, the lagging strand goes away from the replication fork.

17
Q

How many primers are required for lagging strand synthesis?

A

Many RNA primers are required because many small DNA fragments are built.

18
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Small DNA fragments from lagging strand synthesis.

19
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do?

A

Removes the RNA primers using its 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity. Then, it replaces the RNA with DNA.

20
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Covalently attaches the Okazaki fragments.

21
Q

T/F: Eukaryotes also have a single origin of replication.

A

False! Eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication.

22
Q

Why do eukaryotes require multiple origins of replication?

A

Eukaryotes have long linear chromosomes, so we need multiple origins of replication to ensure that the DNA can be replicated in a reasonable time.

23
Q

Who provided evidence for the multiple origins of replication in 1968?

A

Huberman and Riggs

24
Q

What did Huberman and Riggs do to provide evidence for multiple origins of replication?

A

They took growing eukaryotic cells and fed them radioactive deoxythymidine that got incorporated into DNA. Then, they exposed the DNA to film.

25
Q

Where are LoxP sites located? What do we use them for?

A

On each side of a conditional gene. If we add cre recombinase, this will delete out the gene.

26
Q

T/F: In a conditional knockout, the gene is deleted from 100% of cells.

A

False! It is unlikely that the gene is deleted from 100% of cells.

27
Q

How do we only reduce gene expression in certain tissues?

A

We make sure to only put the gene for cre recombinase expression in that tissue.

28
Q

What do MicroRNA genes do?

A

They encode short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that are then processed to produce miRNAs.

29
Q

What do shRNAs do?

A

Reduce gene expression by binding to a complementary mRNA strand and cleaving it.

30
Q

How do we measure the amount of mRNA remaining after reducing gene expression?

A

We use ‘Taqman’

31
Q

What does Taqman contain?

A

An inactive reporter and a quencher.

32
Q

What does the inactive reporter do?

A

When it becomes active, it will fluoresce. This enables us to visualize cDNA.

33
Q

What does the quencher do?

A

It prevents the reporter from fluorescing.

34
Q

Describe the process of ‘Taqman’ to measure the amount of mRNA remaining.

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase produces a single-stranded cDNA from the mRNA.
  2. A PCR primer, DNA polymerase, and Taqman are annealed to the single-stranded cDNA.
  3. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to extend from the primer. The polymerase has a 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity, so it will separate the quencher from the reporter.
  4. The reporter will then fluoresce.
35
Q

What do we need Real-Time (RT) PCR for?

A

We need to quantitate the DNA or RNA produced from the Taqman probe. Initially, so little fluorescence is produced that nothing is detected, so we need to PCR the products to exponentially increase them.

36
Q

What does RT PCR do?

A

It is carried out in a thermocycler that can measure changes in fluorescence emitted by detector molecules

37
Q

Describe the RT PCR process.

A
  1. Initially, so little fluorescence is produced that nothing is detected.
  2. Next, when Taqman probe, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides are not limiting, product doubles with every cycle.
  3. Then, the reaction falls as reagents become limiting and plateaus when one or more are used up.
38
Q

How does initial DNA concentration relate to PCR cycles needed to detect fluorescence?

A

The higher the initial DNA concentration, the fewer PCR cycles that are needed to detect fluorescence. This minimal concentration needed to detect fluorescence is called the Cycle Threshold (Ct).

39
Q

Describe the process of using internal standards for RT PCR.

A

We can take known lower and higher concentration standards for the fluorescence and quantitate them on the same graph as our unknown sample. This allows us to obtain precise quantitation by seeing where our sample falls compared to the known standards.