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Alex's Genetics > Lecture 23b > Flashcards

Lecture 23b Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Discontinuous Traits?

A

Traits that fall into 2 discrete categories.

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2
Q

“The alleles that govern these traits affect the phenotype in a qualitative way (roll your tongue)”

What type of traits is this?

A

Discontinuous traits

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3
Q

What are Quantitative Traits?

A

Traits that show a continuum of variation within a group of individuals.

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4
Q

Are the heights of students discontinuous or quantitative traits?

A

Quantitative, because there are more than 2 discrete categories.

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5
Q

“A trait that varies measurably in a given species.”

What type of trait is this?

A

Quantitative trait

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6
Q

Name 4 traits that are quantitative traits.

A

Anatomical traits, physiological traits, behavioral traits, and diseases.

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7
Q

Most quantitative traits are ___________ and exhibit a __________ of phenotypic variation.

A

polygenic, continuity

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8
Q

What is Polygenic Inheritance?

A

The transmission of traits that are governed by 2 or more genes.

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9
Q

What are Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs)?

A

The locations on chromosomes that affect the outcome of quantitative traits.

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10
Q

T/F: Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) may contain one or more genes, one or many of which may affect quantitative traits.

A

True!

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11
Q

What is the reasoning that often many genes will affect quantitative traits?

A

There are clusters of genes which include several genes and these clusters can be in the quantitative trait loci (QTLs).

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12
Q

When we say most quantitative traits are polygenic, what does this mean?

A

Several genes can control a trait.

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13
Q

Who performed the first demonstration that continuous variation is related to polygenic inheritance?

A

Herman Nilsson-Ehle in 1909

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14
Q

T/F: It is possible to categorize many polygenic traits into discrete genotypic categories.

A

False! Many polygenic traits are difficult or impossible to categorize into discrete genotypic categories.

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15
Q

What are 2 instances that make polygenic traits even more difficult to categorize into categories?

A
  1. When the number of genes controlling the trait increases or 2. when the influence of the environment increases.
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16
Q

T/F: More genes controlling the trait = more continuous traits

A

True!

17
Q

T/F: A Punnett square can be used to analyze most quantitative traits.

A

False! A Punnett square cannot be used to analyze most quantitative traits because they cannot be categorized. Instead, we must use statistical methods.

18
Q

When we say that there is generally a “normal distribution” of a quantitative trait, what do we mean?

A

There is often a Bell Curve for the distribution of measurements of many biological characteristics. There is a cluster of measurements in the middle of the curve.

19
Q

What is this the equation for? Explain the variables

A

This is the mean

X with the line is the mean
SX is the sum of all values in the group
N is the number of individuals/measurements total in the group.

20
Q

What is this equation for? Explain the variables

A
21
Q

What is a common way to evaluate variation within a population?

A

Variance

22
Q

What is this the equation for? Explain the variables

A

Variance

23
Q

Why are Variances important in the analysis of quantitative traits?

A

Because they are additive under certain conditions.

24
Q

What can we do with the variances of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to a quantitative trait?

A

We can add them together to predict the total variance for that trait.

25
Q

What is the Standard Deviation?

A

Square root of the variance

26
Q

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the measurements is 1 SD? What about 2 and 3?

A
27
Q

In a normal distribution, what is the percentage of individuals that have values more or less than 3 SDs from the mean?

A

Less than 0.3% of the individuals will have values that are more or less than 3 SDs from the mean.

28
Q

Some statistical methods compare 2 variables to each other. When would be 3 times we would want to do this?

A

1) Compare the occurrence of 2 phenotypic traits
2) Compare between traits and environmental factors
3) Compare between traits and genetic relationships

29
Q

What is Covariance?

A

Describes the degree of variation between 2 variables within a group.

30
Q

T/F: Covariance is a very intuitive thing.

A

Covariance is not a very intuitive thing.

31
Q

What is this equation? Explain the variables.

A

Covariance

32
Q

What does the Correlation Coefficient allow for?

A

Allows us to determine the strength of association between 2 variables.

33
Q

T/F: Correlation Coefficient is very intuitive.

A

True!

34
Q

What is this equation for?

A

Correlation coefficient

Alex's Genetics (38 decks)

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