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Alex's Genetics > Lecture 3a > Flashcards

Lecture 3a Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During transcription, what side of the RNA transcript are nucleotides added to?

A

The 3’ end.

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2
Q

What adds nucleotides to the RNA transcript and at what end?

A

RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing transcript.

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA in a chromosome that is copied into RNA.

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4
Q

What does a gene do?

A

Codes for proteins.

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5
Q

What do RNAs code for?

A

Proteins.

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6
Q

What are RNAs that code for proteins called?

A

messenger RNAs’ or mRNAs’

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7
Q

What are tRNAs?

A

Small RNAs that hydrogen bond to the mRNA and carry amino acids.

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8
Q

What hydrogen bonds to the mRNA?

A

tRNAs.

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9
Q

What are on the ends of the tRNAs?

A

An anticodon on one end and an amino acid on the other end.

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10
Q

One amino acid lines up with how many nucleotides?

A

Three.

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11
Q

How many nucleotides code for how many amino acids?

A

3 nucleotides code for 1 amino acid.

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12
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

20 different amino acids that can be coded for by a code of 3 nucleotides.

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13
Q

How many possible amino acids are there?

A

20

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14
Q

Is there just one nucleotide sequence for an amino acid?

A

No, many amino acids have more than one nucleotide sequence to code for it.

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15
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 RNA nucleotides that base pair with 1 tRNA.

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16
Q

Where is the anticodon located?

A

On one end of the tRNA.

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17
Q

What does the anticodon bond to?

A

The codon on the mRNA.

18
Q

How do the anticodon and codon bond?

A

Through hydrogen bonds.

19
Q

Where is the codon located?

A

On the mRNA.

20
Q

What is the ‘Start’ codon?

A

AUG

21
Q

What happens when the anticodon and the codon bond?

A

The amino acids are linked together and detached from tRNAs.

22
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

An enzyme that grows the amino acid together by adding the amino acid chain to the incoming amino acids.

23
Q

What is responsible for growing the amino acid chain?

A

Ribosomes

24
Q

What adds the amino acid chain to the incoming amino acids?

A

Ribosomes.

25
Q

What is the relationship between amino acids?

A

Some amino acids attract each other while other amino acids repel each other.

26
Q

What is the shape of the amino acid chain?

A

Folds up into a 3D shape.

27
Q

Why is the amino acid chain folded up into a 3D shape?

A

Some amino acids attract each other while others repel each other.

28
Q

T/F: Proteins do a wide variety of things.

A

True

29
Q

What are 3 categories of proteins?

A

Structural proteins, enzymes, and regulatory proteins.

30
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyze chemical reactions.

31
Q

T/F: Genetic material (DNA) has to somehow be replicated and split for cell division.

A

True

32
Q

What about DNA suggested how it was replicated?

A

The structure of it.

33
Q

What is the basic process of DNA replication?

A

1) DNA strands are separated.
2) The strands are used as templates to assemble new polymers.

34
Q

During DNA replication, what end are DNA nucleotides added to?

A

The 3’ end with the free sugar.

35
Q

What is responsible for performing DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase.

36
Q

How long does it take to replicate human chromosomes?

A

About 8 hours.

37
Q

What do we call the time it takes to replicate human chromosomes? Why is this name stupid?

A

The Synthesis Phase or the S Phase. The name was given before knowing that DNA synthesis is DNA sequence replication, otherwise it would’ve been called the Replication Phase.

38
Q

In DNA replication, what does each DNA strand do?

A

Each DNA strand serves as a template for a new strand that can be synthesized by DNA polymerase.

39
Q

What do we call RNAs that code for amino acid chains?

A

mRNAs.

40
Q

What do every 3 nucleotides code for?

A

1 amino acid.

41
Q

What are proteins?

A

Amino acid chains folded into 3D shapes.

Alex's Genetics (38 decks)

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