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Alex's Genetics > Lecture 1a > Flashcards

Lecture 1a Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What were Robert Hooke’s achievements?

A

Built a microscope, discovered microorganisms, and coined the term ‘cell’. This was the first breakthrough in understanding why/how we exist.

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke look at under the microscope?

A

Cork, a layer in tree bark. He saw “microscopic rooms” he called cells.

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3
Q

What did Hooke not know?

A

That all living things were made of cells.

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4
Q

Who discovered that all living things were made of cells?

A

Schleiden (worked with plants) and Schwann (worked with animals).

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5
Q

What did Schleiden also uncover about plants?

A

Plants start off as single cells that then divide and keep dividing to become multicellular organisms.

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6
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Instructions in cells being passed down to offspring.

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7
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of life’s instructions and how they are altered by mutation and passed down to offspring.

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8
Q

What were the early theories of inheritance? Were they correct?

A

Theory of Pangenesis, spermists, ovists, and blending theory of inheritance. All were incorrect.

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9
Q

What is the theory of pangenesis?

A

Hippocrates said that all parts of the body make seeds that are collected and transmitted to offspring. Seeds from the arms will make arms and so on.

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10
Q

What did the spermists believe?

A

A tiny human called a homunculus is in a sperm, making the father entirely responsible for inheritance. Any resemblance to mom comes from womb influences.

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11
Q

What did the ovists believe?

A

Mom’s egg is entirely responsible for inheritance. The sperm only stimulates the egg to develop.

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12
Q

What is the blending theory of inheritance?

A

Stated that the factors that dictate inheritance blend together from generation to generation. This was a very vague idea.

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13
Q

Who was deemed the father of genetics?

A

Mendel

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14
Q

What can Mendel’s success be attributed to?

A

His boyhood experience in grafting trees and his university experience in physics and natural history.

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15
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

A plant or animal that has both male and female reproductive organs.

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16
Q

Why did Mendel choose Pea Plants as his experimental organism?

A

1) Garden peas could be purchased in many varieties with distinct characteristics.
2) The structure of the garden pea allowed for easy crosses where the parents could be controlled.

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17
Q

What is the anther of the pea plant?

A

It contains the pollen grains, where the male gametes are produced.

18
Q

How does pollination and fertilization work in flowering plants?

A

A pollen tube will grow out of the plant, where pollen grain can enter and travel to the egg.

19
Q

What does the endosperm nucleus do?

A

Provides food for the developing embryo.

20
Q

What types of crosses did Mendel carry out?

A

Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization.

21
Q

What is self-fertilization?

A

When the pollen and egg are derived from the same plant.

22
Q

What is cross-fertilization?

A

When the pollen and egg are derived from different plants.

23
Q

What is hybridization?

A

Mating between two individuals that have different characteristics.

24
Q

What are hybrids?

A

The offspring that results from mating between two individuals with different characteristics.

25
Q

What are characters/traits?

A

The morphological characteristics of an organism.

26
Q

What is a true-breeder?

A

A variety that produces the same trait over several generations.

27
Q

What were the 7 traits that Mendel studied?

A

Height, flower color, flower position, seed color, seed shape, pod color, and pod shape.

28
Q

How many variants did each trait show?

A

2, the wild type (normal) and the mutant.

29
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

Crossing only two variants of one trait at a time. Ex: Crossing a normal seed shape with a wrinkled seed shape.

30
Q

Explain the process for Mendel’s monohybrid cross.

A
  1. Collect seeds from the parents, each different in the same trait, and plant them. These are the plants of the F1 generation.
  2. Let the F1 plants self-fertilize and produce seeds to obtain the F2 generation plants.
  3. Look at the characteristics found in each generation.
31
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

The two copies (alleles) of a gene separate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring.

32
Q

Explain the process of random segregation.

A
  1. A pea plant contains two hereditary factors/alleles, one from each parent.
  2. The two factors/alleles may be identical or different.
  3. When the two factors/alleles of a single trait are different, one is dominant and its effect can be seen. The other is recessive and its effect cannot be seen.
  4. During gamete formation, the paired alleles segregate randomly so that half of the gametes receive one allele and half of the gametes get the other.
33
Q

What did the data from the monohybrid cross show?

A

For all 7 traits studied:
1) The F1 generation showed only one of the two parental traits.
2) The F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of the two parental traits.

34
Q

What did the data from the monohybrid cross support and refute?

A

The data supported a particulate theory of inheritance and refuted a blending mechanism of heredity.

35
Q

What did Mendal call inheritance particles? What are inheritance particles called today?

A

1) Factors.
2) Genes.

36
Q

How many copies of each gene/factor does an individual have?

A

2

37
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene/factor.

38
Q

What were Mendel’s contributions?

A

1) Inheritance is particulate.
2) Each individual has two copies of each gene.
3) Alleles.

39
Q

What are Null Alleles or Loss of Function Alleles?

A

Completely defective copies of genes, which we call recessive alleles. They are usually inherited in a recessive manner but not always.

40
Q

What is a Wild Type (WT) Allele?

A

An intact, full functional allele of a gene, which we call the dominant allele.

Alex's Genetics (38 decks)

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