Lecture 8 Transport Demand Management (TDM) Flashcards
3 hypotheses of mobility behind travel demand management
- Growth of mobility
- Saving time by increasing speed
- Freedom of modal choice
Growth of mobility
The hypothesis suggests that while it might seem intuitive that more cars lead to more mobility, the actual pattern observed is that the number of trips remains constant. Instead of increasing the total number of trips, more cars lead to a shift in how people travel and increase the distance of each trip.
Saving time by increasing speed
While increasing speed can lead to time savings initially, the effects of induced demand, urban sprawl, constant travel time budgets, and congestion often offset these benefits. In many cases, improvements in speed lead to more travel, rather than actual time savings.
Factors that may influence Travel Time Budget
Age, car ownership, gender
Freedom of modal choice
- Infrastructure influences human behaviour
- Distribution of means influences human behaviour (Path dependence)
- Often ignored by modeler and transport planning
Travel Demand Management
“Any action or set of actions aimed at influencing people’s behaviour in such a way that alternative mobility options are presented and/or congestion is reduced”
Why travel demand management?
- A response to a declining funding base for providing new infrastructure
- Increase efficiency and capacity of transport system
- Adverse environmental effects
- Urban densification
- Re-bouncing effects of supply side measures
How to travel?
Which mode to choose
What is helping:
- Attractive public transport
- Bike parking facilities
When to travel?
Daluren korting
Rekening rijden
HAN starts at 9am and RU at 8:30am
Why travel?
Working from home
land-use planning, combine spaces
Criticism on TDM
- Unclear consequences
> Difficult to isolate effects ex-post - TDM can harm economic development
> e.g. removal of parking space
Future of TDM
- Transferability (best practices)
- Old wine in a new bottle? (mixing carrots and sticks)
- Emerging new technology, new types of mobility, new type of planning
Carrot
Pull factor: Policies that encourage individuals to choose more sustainable and efficient transportation options. They pull people towards desirable modes
Stick
Push factor: Policies that discourage certain types of travel behaviour. They push individuals away from less desirable travel options
Assessing the effectiveness of TDM strategies
- Establish your goals
- You need to establish key performance measures
- You have to look at different moments to assess the impact of TDM strategies (ex-ante & ex-post)
- The impact of TDM strategies is tied to the narrative we build around it
