Lecture 1 and 2 (literature) Flashcards
What is mobility? (Handy, 2002)
The ability to move from one place to another, typically measured by travel speed and volume. The potential for movement
What is accessibility? (Handy, 2002)
The ease of reaching desired activities and destinations, considering both the cost/time to reach them and the quality/quantity of destinations available. The potential for interaction
Mobility-enhancing strategies
Focus on improving traffic flow and road capacity to accommodate travel demand
Accessibility-enhancing strategies
Aim to reduce the need for travel by improving access to destinations through land-use planning, public transit and other means
Road building (mobility enhancing)
Historically, the dominant strategy, with significant investments in highways like the Interstate System.
New road capacity can induce additional travel, potentially offsetting congestion relief
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) (Mobility-enhancing)
Aim to improve the efficiency and safety of the transportation system through technology.
While ITS can reduce travel times and improve traffic flow, its long-term impact on reducing overall travel demand remains uncertain
New Urbanism (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)
Promotes walkable neighbourhoods with mixed-use development
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)
Encourages higher density development near transit stations to increase transit use
Infill Development (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)
Focuses on developing vacant or underused land within urban areas to increase density and reduce sprawl
Main street programs (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)
Revitalize traditional commercial areas to promote pedestrian activity
Street Connectivity (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)
Improve the street network to reduce travel distances and promote walking and biking
Telecommuting (telecommunications) (accessibility-enhancing)
Working from home to reduce commute travel
E-shopping (telecommunications) (accessibility-enhancing)
Shopping online can potentially reduce personal travel, although its net impact on travel demand is still uncertain
Congestion pricing (Pricing-strategies) (mobility-limiting)
Charges higher fees for road use during peak times to reduce congestion
Parking pricing (Pricing-strategies) (mobility-limiting)
Impose fees for parking to discourage driving
Car-free zones (Road restriction and removal) (mobility-limiting)
Designating areas where cars are not allowed to promote walking and cycling
Road Diets (road restriction and removal) (mobility-limiting)
Reducing road capacity to calm traffic and improve conditions for other modes of transport
Integrated approach (Handy, 2002)
Combining accessibility-enhancing and mobility-limiting strategies offers the best potential for reducing automobile dependence and its associated impacts
Land-use component
Availability and spatial distribution of opportunities (jobs, shops, services)
Transportation component
Disutility of covering distances using different transport modes (time, cost, effort)
Temporal Component
Availability of opportunities at different times and time available for activities
Individual component
Individual needs, abilities and opportunities influencing accessibility
Infrastructure-based measures
Performance of transport infrastructure (congestion levels, travel speed)
Location-based measures
Accessibility from specific locations (number of jobs within a certain travel time)
Person-based measures
Accessibility at the individual level, considering spatial and temporal constraints
Utility-based measures (Economic)
Economic benefits derived from accessibility to various activities
Theoretical basis (evaluating criteria)
Measures should account for changes in transport and land-use systems, temporal constraints, and individual characteristics
Operationalisation (evaluating criteria)
Ease of use in practice, considering data availability and computational effort
Interpretability and communicability
Measures should be understandable and interpretable by researchers, planners and policymakers
Usability in Social and Economice Evaluations
Measures should be applicable in evaluating social and economic impacts of land-use and transport changes
Chrono-Urbanism
Emphasizes minimizing the time spent travelling by ensuring that essential services and amenities are within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from residents’ home
Density
Optimal density is crucial for sustaining economic, social, and environmental sustainability
It promotes efficient use of resources, reduces reliance on automobiles, and supports local solutions for energy generation and food supply
proximity
Ensuring that essential services (healthcare, education, work, commerce, and entertainment) are within a 15-minute reach
Reduces commuting time, environmental impacts, and enhances social interactions and community building
Diversity
Mixed-use neighbourhoods combining residential, commercial and entertainment spaces
Digitalization
Utilizes technology to enhance service delivery, promote sustainable practices, and improve overall quality of urban life