Lecture 1 and 2 (literature)

Question 1

What is mobility? (Handy, 2002)

Answer 1

The ability to move from one place to another, typically measured by travel speed and volume. The potential for movement

Question 2

What is accessibility? (Handy, 2002)

Answer 2

The ease of reaching desired activities and destinations, considering both the cost/time to reach them and the quality/quantity of destinations available. The potential for interaction

Question 3

Mobility-enhancing strategies

Answer 3

Focus on improving traffic flow and road capacity to accommodate travel demand

Question 4

Accessibility-enhancing strategies

Answer 4

Aim to reduce the need for travel by improving access to destinations through land-use planning, public transit and other means

Question 5

Road building (mobility enhancing)

Answer 5

Historically, the dominant strategy, with significant investments in highways like the Interstate System.
New road capacity can induce additional travel, potentially offsetting congestion relief

Question 6

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) (Mobility-enhancing)

Answer 6

Aim to improve the efficiency and safety of the transportation system through technology.
While ITS can reduce travel times and improve traffic flow, its long-term impact on reducing overall travel demand remains uncertain

Question 7

New Urbanism (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 7

Promotes walkable neighbourhoods with mixed-use development

Question 8

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 8

Encourages higher density development near transit stations to increase transit use

Question 9

Infill Development (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 9

Focuses on developing vacant or underused land within urban areas to increase density and reduce sprawl

Question 10

Main street programs (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 10

Revitalize traditional commercial areas to promote pedestrian activity

Question 11

Street Connectivity (land-use strategy) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 11

Improve the street network to reduce travel distances and promote walking and biking

Question 12

Telecommuting (telecommunications) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 12

Working from home to reduce commute travel

Question 13

E-shopping (telecommunications) (accessibility-enhancing)

Answer 13

Shopping online can potentially reduce personal travel, although its net impact on travel demand is still uncertain

Question 14

Congestion pricing (Pricing-strategies) (mobility-limiting)

Answer 14

Charges higher fees for road use during peak times to reduce congestion

Question 15

Parking pricing (Pricing-strategies) (mobility-limiting)

Answer 15

Impose fees for parking to discourage driving

Question 16

Car-free zones (Road restriction and removal) (mobility-limiting)

Answer 16

Designating areas where cars are not allowed to promote walking and cycling

Question 17

Road Diets (road restriction and removal) (mobility-limiting)

Answer 17

Reducing road capacity to calm traffic and improve conditions for other modes of transport

Question 18

Integrated approach (Handy, 2002)

Answer 18

Combining accessibility-enhancing and mobility-limiting strategies offers the best potential for reducing automobile dependence and its associated impacts

Question 19

Land-use component

Answer 19

Availability and spatial distribution of opportunities (jobs, shops, services)

Question 20

Transportation component

Answer 20

Disutility of covering distances using different transport modes (time, cost, effort)

Question 21

Temporal Component

Answer 21

Availability of opportunities at different times and time available for activities

Question 22

Individual component

Answer 22

Individual needs, abilities and opportunities influencing accessibility

Question 23

Infrastructure-based measures

Answer 23

Performance of transport infrastructure (congestion levels, travel speed)

Question 24

Location-based measures

Answer 24

Accessibility from specific locations (number of jobs within a certain travel time)

Question 25

Person-based measures

Answer 25

Accessibility at the individual level, considering spatial and temporal constraints

Question 26

Utility-based measures (Economic)

Answer 26

Economic benefits derived from accessibility to various activities

Question 27

Theoretical basis (evaluating criteria)

Answer 27

Measures should account for changes in transport and land-use systems, temporal constraints, and individual characteristics

Question 28

Operationalisation (evaluating criteria)

Answer 28

Ease of use in practice, considering data availability and computational effort

Question 29

Interpretability and communicability

Answer 29

Measures should be understandable and interpretable by researchers, planners and policymakers

Question 30

Usability in Social and Economice Evaluations

Answer 30

Measures should be applicable in evaluating social and economic impacts of land-use and transport changes

Question 31

Chrono-Urbanism

Answer 31

Emphasizes minimizing the time spent travelling by ensuring that essential services and amenities are within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from residents’ home

Question 32

Density

Answer 32

Optimal density is crucial for sustaining economic, social, and environmental sustainability
It promotes efficient use of resources, reduces reliance on automobiles, and supports local solutions for energy generation and food supply

Question 33

proximity

Answer 33

Ensuring that essential services (healthcare, education, work, commerce, and entertainment) are within a 15-minute reach
Reduces commuting time, environmental impacts, and enhances social interactions and community building

Question 34

Diversity

Answer 34

Mixed-use neighbourhoods combining residential, commercial and entertainment spaces

Question 35

Digitalization

Answer 35

Utilizes technology to enhance service delivery, promote sustainable practices, and improve overall quality of urban life