Lecture 8- Short&Long Term Memory Flashcards
What are the 4 major long term memory systems
Episodic, semantic, perpetual representation system and procedural
What are the 3 basic memory systems?
Sensory, short term and long term
What are the characteristics of the sensory memory?
Large capacity, record of perceptual experience and lost quickly
What memory does the sensory memory have?
Iconic and echoic
What are the characteristics of the iconic memory?
Holds visual input for 250 msec
Representation is pre-categorical
What are the characteristics of the echoic memory?
Holds auditory input for 2-3 seconds
Who did iconic memory research?
Sperling
What did Sperling do in the whole procedure procedure
Flashed a matrix of 12 letters and digits for 50 msec
Had to identify as many items as possible
What were the findings for Sperling’s whole report procedure?
Participants typically remembered 4 items
What did Sperling do in the partial report procedure?
Flash a matrix of letters and digits for 50 msec
PPs reported items in just one row
What were the findings for Sperling’s partial report procedure?
PPs reported any row requested
What are the characteristics of STM?
15-30 seconds
7+/-2 items
Phonological coding
Who looked at the evidence for phonological coding in STM?
Baddeley
What did Baddeley, 1966, find?
Phonological similarity effect occurs in STM
What is phonological similarity effect?
Words that sound alike are more poorly recalled than dissimilar sounding words
Who looked at the capacity of the STM?
Cowan, 2000
What did Cowan find?
7 is an overestimation and it is more likely 4+/-1
What is the word length effect?
Recall of words is worse for longer words than for shorter words
How is word length effect elimimated?
If phonological coding is prevented through articulatory suppression such as counting or repeating an irrelevant words
What is the free recall task?
PPs had a list of words (10-15) and they had to recall them in any order and plot the results according to how well the words were recalled at each serial position
What could also occur in the free recall task?
A filled delay between last item and recall so the pps undertake a secondary activity
What is the lowest serial position were people guess less correctly in the free recall task?
10
What is primary gradient?
Recall is better at the start of a list
What is the recency gradient?
Recall is good at the end of a list
What causes primary gradient?
First few items can be rehearsed so they move to the LTM
What causes recency gradient?
Last few items are still in the STM when you start to write the list down
Who looked at filled delay?
Glanzer and Cunitz
What did Glanzer and Cunitz find?
When a filled delay is used the recency effect disappears
Who found the 3 stage model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What is Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 stage model?
Stimuli–> sensory stores–> STM–> LTM
What are the components of Baddeley’s working memory model?
Input
Sensory memory (decay)
Attention
Central executive
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Phonological loop
Goes to the LTM
What is the central executive?
Responsible for controlling and coordinating the operation of the subsystems in working memory and allocated attentional resources
What role does the central executive have?
Cognitive flexibility allows individuals to switch between different tasks
Integrates information from different sources and modalities,
What are the components of the phonological loop?
Phonological store and articulatory process
What is the signature of phonological loop?
Phonological similarity effect
What are the components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Inner scribe and the visual cache
Who looked at the LTM duration?
Bahrick and Phelps
What did Bahrick and Phelps find?
The permastore of the LTM
What is the permastore?
Information acquired by learning is stored first in an immediate memory before being transferred into a permanent memory
Who looked at the capacity of the LTM?
Standing
What did Standing find?
PP could recognise 133/160 pictures selected randomly from around 10,000 pictures studied earlier
There is a LTM trace of 6,600 pictures
What is Paivio’s dual coding hypothesis?
Words that are imageable can be encoded in visual as well as non-visual forms
How does the LTM code?
Semantic
Who looked at the coding in LTM?
Baddeley
What did Baddeley find in LTM?
Semantic similarity causes people to remember
What is episodic memory?
Memory for experiences and events
Who looked at episodic memory?
Bahrick et al
What did Bahrick et al find
Ex-students had little forgetting about former students up to 25 years
What is semantic memory?
General knowledge about the world
What is semantic dementia?
Degeneration of the anterior temporal lobe
Who looked at semantic dementia?
Mayberry et al
What did Mayberry et al find?
PPs with semantic dementia find it difficult to access information about most concepts in the semantic memory
Who looked at the episodic vs semantic memory?
Tulving
What did differences did Tulving find between the episodic and semantic
Organisation: episodic (time related) semantic (conceptual)
Units of information: episodic (episodes and events) semantic (concepts, ideas and facts)
Likelihood of forgetting: episodic (great) semantic (small)
Source of information: episodic (sensory) semantic (comprehension)
Who looked at the interdependence of episodic and semantic memory?
Greenberg et al
What did Greenberg et al find?
Episodic memory can facilitate retrieval on a semantic memory task
Who looked at spreading activation through semantic memory network?
Collins and Loftus
What did Collins and Loftus find?
Semantic concepts or memories are represented as nodes within a larger conceptual network. The nodes in the conceptual network are interconnected through bidirectional associative links
Who looked at the evidence for hierarchical structure of semantic memory?
Collins and Quillian
What did Collins and Quillian find?
The time it takes to retrieve information from memory depends on how far apart the concepts are in the mental hierarchy
What is the evidence for spreading activation through the hierarchy?
Semantic priming
Who looked at semantic priming?
Meyer and Schvaneveldt
What did Meyer and Schvaneveldt find?
The processing of a stimulus is influenced by the prior presentation of a related stimulus.
What are the brain mechanisms of familarity and recollection?
Perirhinal cortex receives information about specific items, parahippocampal receives information about cortex, hippocampus receives what and where info and binds them to form item-context associations that permit recollection
What is recollection associated with?
Activation of the parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus
What is familiarity associated with?
Activation in the perirhinal cortex
Who looked at the brain mechanisms of familiarity and recollection?
De Vanssay-Maigne et al
What did De Vanssay-Maigne et al find?
Words correctly recognised with a sense of familiarity were associated with greater bilateral activation in the perirhinal cortex
