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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 6- Hearing and Language > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Hearing and Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is misophonia?

A

A disorder where certain sounds trigger an emotional /physiological response

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2
Q

Who looked at misophonia?

A

Kumar, 2017

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3
Q

What did Kumar find with brain regions involved in misophonia?

A

Hyperactivation of brain regions that is involved in emotion processing (e.g. amygdala and anterior insular cortex)

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4
Q

What is the overlap with misophonia? (Kumar)

A

Between OCD and Tourette’s so they could share the same neurological conditions

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5
Q

What is the treatment for misophonia (Kumar)?

A

CBT, exposure therapy and sound therapy

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6
Q

What is the nature of sound?

A

A sound source that emits circular pressure waves in the air

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7
Q

What is a pure tone represented by?

A

A singular sinewave

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8
Q

What are the properties of sound waves?

A

Amplitude and frequency

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9
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The volume

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10
Q

What is frequency?

A

The pitch

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11
Q

What do the notes of a musical sheet refer to?

A

The keys on the piano where frequency is generated and the pitch of a musical tone

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12
Q

How are the keys arranged on a keyboard?

A

In the order of rising frequency of the musical tone generated

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13
Q

What is harmonic intervals determined by in music?

A

By characteristic frequency ratios

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14
Q

What are the frequency and amplitude of pure tone?

A

Perceived pitch and loudness

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15
Q

How are musical tones a combination of pure tones?

A

Fundamental and harmonic frequencies

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16
Q

What is fundamental?

A

Determines pitch

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17
Q

What is harmonic frequencies?

A

They determine timbre

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18
Q

What do more complex sound have?

A

Chords, consonance, dissonance and vowels

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19
Q

What is interference?

A

The superposition of many
tones with random amplitude and frequency

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20
Q

How is the ear a transducer?

A

It converts neural signals to sound waves

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21
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Acts as a directional microphone

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22
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Impedance, matching and overload protection

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23
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

Frequency, analysis and neural encoding

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24
Q

What is extreme sensitivity?

A

The absolute threshold at sound levels that generate eardrum vibrations

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25
Q

What is frequency masking?

A

When two similar sounds play at the same time and then one masks the other which can confuse the perception of sound

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26
Q

What is the psychophysical masking experiment?

A

When detecting a target tone in the presence of another tone at another frequency

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27
Q

What is the threshold in the psychophysical masking experiment?

A

Increasing the intensity of the mask tone until the target is no longer audible

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28
Q

How can you determine the threshold for different frequencies in psychophysical?

A

Varying the frequency of masking tone

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29
Q

How is a tuning curve determined?

A

Systematic variation of masking frequency

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30
Q

What is the channel filter tuning?

A

The basis for perception of pitch

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31
Q

How is perceived loudness measured?

A

Comparing present tones of different frequency to see which one is louder

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32
Q

Why is the intensity comparison tone adjusted?

A

Until the same subjective loudness is matched to the reference tone

33
Q

What is physical intensity recorded as?

A

Perceived loudness

34
Q

What are equal loudness contours?

A

The measure of sound pressure
There is perceived loudness due to the pure tones

35
Q

What are equal loudness contours determined by?

A

Matching the perceived intensity of tone pairs at various base intensities

36
Q

What is the threshold curve also called?

A

The audibility function

37
Q

What is function of frequency?

A

The loudness comparison

38
Q

When is there hearing loss?

A

When there is a high frequency in decibels and a high pitch in Hertx

39
Q

What do speech sound cover?

A

A wide range of the audible spectrum

40
Q

Where are vowel sounds?

A

In the lower frequency region

41
Q

Where are consonants?

A

The range in the rgion

42
Q

What are telephone systems used for?

A

To cut off the upper part of the spectrum with minimal effects on speech recognition

43
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Selective high frequency hearing loss with age

44
Q

What can noise exposure lead to?

A

Can lead to temporary threshold shifts (auditory
fatigue) and permanent (partial) deafness

45
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Continuous humming or ringing that leads to suppression

46
Q

What are auditory events?

A

Complicated patterns of frequency and intensity in time

47
Q

What are spectrograms and sonograms used for?

A

Displaying and analysing real sounds to see frequency as a function of time

48
Q

What do chords show in schematic spectrograms?

A

The sequence of different fundamental and harmonic frequency clusters

49
Q

What do each spoken words generate?

A

A complex pattern of frequency and intensity which is modulated as a function of time

50
Q

How are spoken words recorded as?

A

Spectrograms (time and frequency) and waveform envelope

51
Q

What is the aim from Ellis et al?

A

Segmenting a complex task into processing steps that we explain as perception and cognition mechanisms

52
Q

What is the process of hearing a word (Ellis et al)?

A

Auditory analysis system–> auditory input lexicon–>semantic system

53
Q

What is the process for generating speech (Ellis et al)?

A

Phoneme response buffer, spoken word lexicon, semantic system

54
Q

What are the brain regions involved in language?

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

55
Q

What is the Broca’s area?

A

In the frontal lobe and is involved in speech production

56
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area?

A

In the temporal lobe and involved in understanding speech

57
Q

What has neuroimagery allowed in understanding language?

A

Regions and networks can be studied in detail and we can test language models

58
Q

What sensor is the ear?

A

A 1D sensor (samples one point in space)

59
Q

How is sound localisation calculated?

A

Pinnae, inter-aural processing and inter-aural time difference

60
Q

What is pinnae?

A

Important for sensation of space and locating elevation

61
Q

What is inter-aural processing?

A

The neural mechanisms so the auditory system can processes and integrates information localise sounds and enhance perception

62
Q

What does inter-aural processing utilise?

A

Binaural and spectral cues

63
Q

What binaural cues does inter-aural processing use?

A

Timing differences to localise and intensity differences to determine the direction

64
Q

What spectral cues does inter-aural processing use?

A

Inter-aural spectral difference from the effects of the pinnae, torso and head

65
Q

What is inter-aural time difference?

A

Differences in the time it takes for a sound to reach each ear

66
Q

How is the sensitivity of the inter-aural time difference effected?

A

Varies with sound frequency and inter-aural distance

67
Q

When is inter-aural time difference most effective?

A

At low frequency sounds

68
Q

Which brain areas are the most effective for encoding inter-aural time difference?

A

The neurones in the auditory brainstem

69
Q

Why is it difficult to single out a particular voice?

A

The cocktail party effect

70
Q

Who looked at the cocktail party effect?

A

Cherry, 1953

71
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

The brain can attend to auditory information from one person and ignore others due to spatial cues

72
Q

What did Cherry find with binaural listening?

A

Binaural listening has allowed ppts to repeat a message while ignoring another and binaural listening improved selective attention to a target message when there is competing messages

73
Q

What is masking?

A

The detection of a tone is impaired if another tone or noise is presented at the same time

74
Q

What does masking depend on?

A

Proximity in space and similarity in frequency composition

75
Q

What is binaural unmasking?

A

When two different auditory signals, next to each ear separately, become distinct due to the differences in their characteristics

76
Q

When can binaural unmasking also occur?

A

When two sounds have different frequencies or spectral characteristics

77
Q

How does spatial separation link to binaural unmasking?

A

As they arrive at each ear with slightly different timing and intensity levels.
It provides cues that help the brain separate and localise the sounds

78
Q

What are the high level effects?

A

Attention, familiarity of the voice and language

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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