Lecture 1- Introduction Flashcards
What is perception?
Human experiencing our environment which is the senses (needed for navigate the world and understand)
What is cognition?
Humans understanding their environment which is the thoughts
What is machinery?
Focus on cognitive psychology
What is cognitive science?
A group of disciplines that focus on understanding the human mind
Data mining: how sensory information processing being effortless
What is perception and cognition?
Collecting and interpreting information about the world
What is the outside world?
Physical state
What is the inside world?
The mental state
What is sensory and processing system?
Channel to collect information
What is the information processing chain?
Distributed networks where behaviour and thinking is based on
What is the chain for information processing?
Perception–>attention–>memory–>action/thinking (bottom up processing)
What is central scientific approach?
Where there is acquisition, processing, storage and recall of data in the human rain
What is the historical development of metaphors?
Building of a machine to understand underlying process such as cogwheel brain and Descartes
What is the concerns for perception and cognition?
Perception and cognition is difficult as we aren’t looking at the brain in action
Perception and cognition is not a real part of psychology but fundamental to other disciplines of psychology
What is the brain responsible for?
Distinctive operation as the division of processing is in small functional units
What is functional architecture?
The organisation and structure of the cognitive processes in the brain. The brain regions and neurones interact and support the cog functions
What is functional architecture characterised by?
Hierarchical organization with lower-level sensory and motor regions feeding information to higher-level association areas
Dynamic interactions between brain networks that vary depending on task demands, context, and individual differences
What has allowed insight into functional architecture?
Advances in fMRIs, EEGS allowing researchers to map brain activity patterns associated with different cognitive tasks and states
How is the functional architecture of the brain adaptable?
As there is neuroplasticity which allows the brain to learn new skills, recover from injury, and compensate for deficits
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain’s ability to rewire neural circuits and establish new connections in response to changes in behavior or environment
What did Magnus find?
Speculated the functional role of 3 ventricles such as common senses, creative rational thought and memory
What does cognitive neuroscience help us understand?
The processes of mental events such as interacting with the world, how we store information, how we communicate, how we organise social life, how we maintain mental health
Why do we study perception and cognition?
Scientific curiosity to understand the mind, applications in implementing knowledge in thinking machines, basis to understanding pathology and managing impairment such as sensory deficits in strokes and Alzheimer’s
What is the theories of the brain?
Cortex grew due to duplication of neurones and genetic mutations
What is the dominant theory?
Cortex evolved due to the shifts in cell migration in development
What is the neural network theory?
Cognitive processes arise from the interconnected activity of many neuron in the brain.
What is predictive coding?
The brain generates predictions about sensory input based on prior knowledge and expectations through top down information processing
What does the cerebral cortex do?
Constructs mental maps from information from the senses
How do we collect information?
Perceptual bottleneck and perceptual filter
What is a perceptual bottleneck?
Refers to a limitation in the processing capacity of the perceptual system causin a bottleneck in the flow of information during perception
How do perceptual bottlenecks occur?
the need for selective attention as the perpetual system prioritises certain stimuli
What can influence perceptual bottlenecks?
The complexity of the stimulus as complex stimuli requires more processing
High demand of the task and if they require multiple stimuli
What can perceptual bottlenecks cause?
Errors in perceptions and slower reaction times
What is perceptual filter?
The brain selectively attends to certain stimuli while filtering out others and stimuli that is relevant
What does the effectiveness of perceptual filter depend on?
Personality traits, cognitive abilities, and attentional control
What variables do the 5 senses have?
Temp, pain, ultrasound
What is sensory substitution?
Replacement of missing senses with another senses to transfer across sensory modalities
What are the theories of perception?
Gestalt psychology, direct perception, constructivist approach and information processing approach
What does Gestalt psychology focus on?
The principles of perceptual organisation
What is Pragnanz?
When people are presented with complex shapes or a set of ambiguous elements, their brains choose to interpret them in the easiest manner possible.
What is direct perception
Emphasis on bottom up processing, exploits richness of information, content in sensory data, direct use for behavioural control with need of high level representation
What is flowfield in direct perception?
Unambiguous information about spatial layout
What is object affordance in direct perception?
Immediate perception of the action possibilities or opportunities for interaction that an object offers to an observer in the behavioural context
What is resonance in direct perception?
Processes to extract information
What does constructivist approach focus on?
Emphasises top down processes to resolve ambiguities in the mind and tries to make the best sense of limited noisy data
What perception occur in the constructivist approach?
An active construction of perception
What comparison occurs in the constructivist approach?
The iterative comparison of sensory input with internal knowledge
What is information processing approach?
Neuroscientific and computational approach to perception
What do receptors do in information processing approach?
Transform stimuli to neural signals
What do receptive fields do in information processing approach?
Localisation and tuning
What do filters do in information processing approach?
Encoding of information efficiently
What do representation do in information processing approach?
Cortical processing and mapping
What do illusions do in information processing approach?
Inherent misrepresent of the physical world
What do active sensing do in information processing approach?
The process by which organisms actively control their sensory input to gather information from the environment more efficiently.
What does active sensing involve?
Dynamic interaction between the organism and its environment
What does active sensing allow?
To gather information more efficiently by directing sensory input to regions of interest
