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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 2- Illusions > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Illusions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of information processing?

A

Converting outside world into internal events through encoding

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2
Q

What are the different levels of grey that humans can discriminate?

A

5000

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3
Q

What do illusions have a role in?

A

The study of sensory systems for illusion depth

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4
Q

What are the specific properties of an image?

A

Specific aspects such as spatial and visual, two dimensions, static

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5
Q

What are the basic properties of an image?

A

Brightness, colour and patterns

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6
Q

What is black and white?

A

The amount of light which interprets the visual system as measurement

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7
Q

What is colour?

A

A small number of linguistic categories

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8
Q

What did Berlin and May find?

A

Different number of colour names in different cultures

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9
Q

What is perpetual colour space?

A

How colours are arranged

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10
Q

How is the colour circle arranged?

A

According to similarity

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11
Q

What did 3M different colour measure?

A

Discrimination threshold

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12
Q

What is brightness contrast illusion?

A

The perceived brightness of an object being effected by the brightness of the surroundings

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13
Q

Why does the brightness contrast illusion occur?

A

Due to the way the visual system processes and compares the different light levels

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14
Q

What is an example of the brightness contrast illusion?

A

Simultaneous contrast effect

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15
Q

What is simultaneous contrast effect?

A

When a light object is placed against a dark background it appears brighter than when placed in a background of equal luminance

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16
Q

What does filters do in the visual stream for contrast?

A

Subtract stimulus intensity in the surround reigion to form lightness in the centre

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17
Q

What is contrast?

A

A perceptual measure not being absolute but the relative stimulus intensity in comparison to the surround

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18
Q

How is the outside world represented?

A

In retinotopic maps of neurones with the centre-surround receptive fields

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19
Q

What reduces redundancy?

A

Image compression

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20
Q

What is an example of a visual illusion?

A

Hermann grid

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21
Q

What happens in Hermann grids?

A

The grey spots are believed to be the result of opponency filtering

22
Q

What is opponency filters?

A

Contrast enhancement when there is excitation-inhibition

23
Q

What happens to spatial filters with opponcency receptive fields?

A

Enhance the contrast and reduce the redundancy

24
Q

What happens inside black square for Hermann grids?

A

There is no stimulation of excitatory centre and inhibition that surrounds so overall excitation and a perception of darkness

25
Q

What happens in white bars for Hermann grids?

A

Small parts of inhibitory surrounds are stimulated, excitation will dominates inhibition giving the perception of brightness

26
Q

What happens at white intersections for Hermann grids?

A

Larger parts of inhibitory surrounds are stimulated so there is a small overall excitation so there is a reduction of brightness

27
Q

What is real motion?

A

Perceived when an object is changing location in space and time

28
Q

What is contrast illusion?

A

The enhancement of colour differences in space when presented next to each other

29
Q

What is the Munker-White effect?

A

Assimilation of colour and a higher level colour interaction

30
Q

What are after images?

A

The consequence of an illusion after long exposure to a stimulus followed by a sudden change

31
Q

What is the third dimension reconstructed by?

A

Flat images that captures the eyes

32
Q

What are the cues for third dimension?

A

Using two eyes, motion parallax, contrast, texture, size and perspective

33
Q

What are pictorial cues?

A

A range of depth information being extracted from a static monocular image

34
Q

What is binocular in depth cues?

A

Extending the visual field when there is a combination of information from 2 eyes allowing precise depth measurment through stereopsis

35
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

A perception of depth produced in the brain from both eyes seeing visual stimuli

36
Q

How does stereopsis work?

A

Retinal projection of the object on opposite sides of the fovea indication depth relative to the plane of fixation

37
Q

What does stereopsis produce?

A

Depth impressions in projected/printed images

38
Q

What are the cues for depth perception?

A

Geometric perspective, texture, occlusion and binocular disparity

39
Q

What is size constancy effect?

A

The basis of the Ponzo illusion

40
Q

What is the Ames room?

A

How the size of objects are perceived to be distorted because the misleading geometry generates an incorrect frame of reference

41
Q

What are examples of colour illusions?

A

Colour effect and simultaneous colour contrast

42
Q

What are not colour illusions?

A

Kanizsa triangle and red green colour blindness

43
Q

What are the proximities in motion correspondence problems?

A

Vertical and horizontal proximity

44
Q

What is the after effect of motion illusion?

A

The perceiced explanation of the stripe pattern is an illusion in itself

45
Q

What are the key readings for illusions?

A

Jameson and Hurvich + White

46
Q

What does Jameson and Hurvich say about brightness and colour vision

A

They are important aspects for visual perception and visual theory

47
Q

What does Jameson and Hurvich say about adaptation?

A

It is an adjustment in sensitivity

48
Q

What does Jameson and Hurvich say about sensitivities?

A

They change depending on inverse proportion to excitation when the visual system is exposed

49
Q

What does Jameson and Hurvich say about the luminance of the test field?

A

When it increases the luminance of the surround should increase in the same proportions for a brightness match

50
Q

What does White say about the effect of illusions?

A

It is stronger at high spatial frequencies

51
Q

What does White say about the effect of pattern on perceived brightness?

A

It is lightness contrast and lightness assimilation

52
Q

What does White say about the explanation of lightness contrast?

A

It is the lateral inhibition between retinal units

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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