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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 4- Eye movements and perception > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Eye movements and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we study eye movements?

A

Informs us about culex cognitive processes such as reading
Helps us see humans are active viewers
Shows the clear link between sensory and action systems
Used as indicators of visual attention

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2
Q

Where does semantic processing for words occur?

A

Middle temporal gyrus

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3
Q

What is the spelling-sound conversion?

A

Inferior parietal cortex

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4
Q

Where is the phonological lexicon?

A

Angular and middle temporal gyrus

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5
Q

Where is light focused in the eye?

A

On the fovea for detailed vision

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6
Q

Why does the eye need to move?

A

Since the back of the eye is not completely uniform

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7
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Part of the eye with photoreceptors densely packed here

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8
Q

What do the cones do in the eye?

A

Pick up detail in bright light

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9
Q

What is peripheral vision?

A

Where there are less cones

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10
Q

What are the types of eye movement?

A

Gaze shifting mechanisms and gaze stabilising mechanisms

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11
Q

What are gaze shifting mechanisms?

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

What are gaze stabilising mechanisms?

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

What are examples of gaze shifting mechanisms?

A

Smooth pursuit, saccades and vergence

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14
Q

What is smooth pursuit?

A

Used a track a moving object and ensures that light from the object stays focused on the back of the eye

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15
Q

What does smooth pursuit require?

A

Requires a continuous feedback loop so the eye adjusts to the perceived position of the object

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16
Q

What are saccades?

A

Fast ballistic movements up to 700s

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17
Q

How long does it take to make saccades?

A

3-4 seconds

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18
Q

What do saccades show?

A

Characteristic patterns of acceleration

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19
Q

How do eyes move in saccades?

A

Together in an identical fashion

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20
Q

What is vergence?

A

When we move our eyes to focus on objects at different distances away from us

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21
Q

What are examples of stabilising eye movements?

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex

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22
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Movements that cancel out the motion of the body and head

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23
Q

What are vestibulo-ocular reflex in reaction to?

A

In reaction to the signals from the vestibular organs of the inner ear

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24
Q

What is the optokinetic reflex?

A

Stabilising movements made in reaction to the whole visual field moving

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25
Q

How can optokinetic reflexes be studied?

A

By using rotating drums or tumbling rooms.

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26
Q

What are the further types of eye movements that occur when fixating?

A

Microsaccades and drifts+tremors

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27
Q

What is microsaccades?

A

Looked at the role of very small involuntary movement made when fixating on an object to help with avoiding fading of the visual scene

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28
Q

What is microsaccades linked to?

A

Attention

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29
Q

What are drifts?

A

Slow meandering motions between microsaccades

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30
Q

What are tremors?

A

Very small oscillations on top of drifts.

31
Q

How are eye movements measured?

A

With an eye tracker

32
Q

What does eye trackers involve?

A

A small infrared camera that focused on the eye that tracks where the pupil moves

33
Q

What happens when eye trackers are calibrating?

A

The pupil position against fixed points on the screen one can work out where the participant is looking.

34
Q

What do fixation measures measure?

A

Dwell time, frequency of fixation, total duration of fixation and order of fixation positions

35
Q

What is the spillover effect?

A

The fixation time on a word preceded by a rare word

36
Q

Who looked at fixation?

A

Reichle et al

37
Q

What did Reichle et al find?

A

When we fixate a word until we have processed it

38
Q

What is the E-Z reader model?

A

How the eye fixation in reading is influenced by the previous and next words

39
Q

What are the assumptions of the E-Z reader model?

A

Readers check the familarity of the word currently fixated
Completion of frequency checking of the word
Readers engage in second stage of lexical access involving accessing the current words

40
Q

What are the two stages of lexical processing of words in the E-Z reader model?

A

Checking word frequency and lexical access

41
Q

What are regions of interest?

A

Considering how many fixation occur within a certain area or areas on the screen

42
Q

Who looked at heatmaps?

A

Mosimann et al, 2004

43
Q

What did Mosimann et al, 2004, find?

A

Reading time off the clock and seeing the fixations made when looking at the image. There was difficulty of allocating their attention to the right area in the alzheimer’s group

44
Q

Why do we have eye movements?

A

Stabilisation

45
Q

What is stabilisation?

A

Occurs through the optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflex to build a visual representation so the image on the back of the eye is kept still

46
Q

What is Troxler’s fading?

A

When an image is kept fixed on the retina it fades in the periphery

47
Q

What is Troxler’s fading caused by?

A

Adaptation of the neurones in the retina and do not fire after a while to the same stimulus

48
Q

Where is the processing power given?

A

To the fovea

49
Q

What causes detailed representations in the eye?

A

Part of the image the light from that part needs to land in the fovea

50
Q

What is needed to build up a detailed representation?

A

Moving our eyes

51
Q

Who found saccadic suppression?

A

Zuber and Stark

52
Q

What did Zuber and Stark find?

A

Stimuli are more difficult to detect during the movement of the eye and the motion in the visual scene is ignored

53
Q

What is the problem with eye movements?

A

The brain needs to know what part of motion on the retina is caused by eye movement and which part is caused by something moving in the scene

54
Q

What does efference copy do?

A

Cancelling out the signal from the eye muscles and ignoring external movement of the world

55
Q

What is also cancelled out with eye movements?

A

Cues from the scene such as whole image motion

56
Q

Why do eye movements go wrong?

A

As some illusions can be caused by an inability to cancel out the motion of the eye

57
Q

What is the passive approach to vision?

A

Sees the eye as just receiving information from the outside world

58
Q

What is the active approach to vision?

A

The dynamic processing of sampling of visual scenes with reference to the role of the observer in guiding eye movements to relevant parts of the scene

59
Q

Who looked at eye movements during tea making?

A

Land et al

60
Q

What did Land et al find?

A

Real life eye movement are not only where but when people are looking is important

61
Q

What occurs when combining motor and visual systems?

A

Involve strong coupling between visual and motor processes

62
Q

What occurs in brain areas involved in eye movement?

A

Active when visual information is being processed and when eye movements are being made

63
Q

What smooth pursuit is involved in controlling eye movement?

A

A continuous feedback loop where the eye position is updated according to when the object is

64
Q

How are saccades ballistic?

A

As the movement needs to be pre-programmed so once initiated the trajectory cannot be changed

65
Q

What process is reading?

A

A complex cognitive process

66
Q

What is used for evidence for reading?

A

Eye movements to test the models

67
Q

What evidence for reading can be used for?

A

Manipulating the type of information present at fixation at a given time

68
Q

What occurs in the eye during reading?

A

We do not fixate every single word, regressions account for 10% of saccades, we easily move our eyes down to the next line, the shape of the word plays a role

69
Q

What is the moving technique for reading?

A

Using information from up to 15 letters away in English

70
Q

What is the fixation in reading?

A

200-250 ms

71
Q

What movements occur in reading?

A

Rightward movement follow by return sweep and large leftward to start of next line

72
Q

How many characters do we move with each saccade?

A

8

73
Q

How much do we fixate on the content and on the function words?

A

80% on the content and 20% on the function words

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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