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ANP 1105 > Lecture 8 - Regulatory Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Regulatory Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What speed is an endocrine response initiated?

A

slowly

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2
Q

What is the duration of an endocrine response?

A

long

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system release into the bloodstream?

A

hormones

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4
Q

Where are the endocrine system target areas of the body?

A

diverse-locations anywhere the blood reaches

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5
Q

Finish the sentence:
Hormones act over ______

A

long distances

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6
Q

List the endocrine organs located in the brain and what they do.

A

=pineal gland
-day/night cycle

=hypothalamus
-homeostasis

=pituitary gland
-other endocrine glands

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7
Q

List the endocrine organs located in the throat and what they do.

A

=thyroid
-energy use

=parathyroid
-Ca2+ levels in the blood

=thymus
-immune system

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8
Q

List the endocrine organs located in the abdominal and what they do.

A

=adrenal glands
-metabolism, immune system, BP, stress

=pancrease
-blood sugar levels, insulin, glucagon

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9
Q

List the endocrine organs located in the pelvis and what they do.

A

=ovary
-menstrual cycle, fertility

=testis
-testosterone, androgens

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10
Q

Are hormones selective?

A

they only bind to very specific receptors

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11
Q

How is target cell activation influenced?

A

-hormone concentration
-receptor content
-receptor affinity (160pMol)

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12
Q

What is the endocrine reaction to the rise in blood sugar level?

A
  • pancreas sense
  • insulin secreted into the blood
  • more glucose uptake or the liver converts glucose to glycogen
  • blood sugar falls back to normal range
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13
Q

What is the endocrine reaction to the fall in blood sugar level?

A
  • pancreas sense
  • glycogen secreted
  • liver breaks down glycogen to glucose
  • rise in blood sugar level back to normal
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14
Q

Name the 3 structural groups of hormones + 1 not really a hormone

A

-steroid (cholesterol)
-peptides, amino acids, proteins
-eicosanoids (arachadonic acid)
-inflammatory

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15
Q

What do hormones do? (5)

A

=alter cell activity
-membrane permeability/ potential
-enzyme synthesis
-enzyme activation/ deactivation
-secretory activity
-mitosis stimulation

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16
Q

What do steroid hormones do?

A

Enter the nucleus and stimulate gene transcription

17
Q

What do peptide/ protein hormones do?

A

Activation of g-protein second messenger chain to regulate the activity of key enzymes

18
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-consist of

A

LS - steroid and thyroid
WS - amino acid base

19
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-sources

A

LS - adrenal cortex, gonads, thyroid
WS - all endocrine glands

20
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-stored in secretory vesicles

A

LS - no
WS - yes

21
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-transport in blood

A

LS - bound to proteins
WS - free in plasma

22
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-life in the blood

A

LS - long half-life
WS - short half-life

23
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-location of receptors

A

LS - inside the cell
WS - on plasma membrane

24
Q

lipid soluble hormone vs water soluble
-mechanism of action at the target cell

A

LS - activate genes, synthesis of new proteins
WS - second-messenger systems

25
Q

Name the 3 hormone-release mechanisms and their function

A

=humoral
-direct change the [nutrient/ion] blood

=neural
-SNS, epinephrine release by the adrenal medulla

=hormonal
-3 tier, hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland

26
Q

What happens when Ca2+ levels in the blood decrease?

A
  1. thyroid sense
  2. parathyroid release hormone increase
  3. osteoclasts release
  4. Ca2+ increase
27
Q

What happens when Ca2+ levels in the blood increase?

A
  1. Thyroid sense
  2. less parathyroid release hormone
  3. calcium deposit rises
  4. Ca2+ decrease
28
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine
-structure

A

exo - ducts
endo - ductless glands

29
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine
-where secrete

A

exo - epithelial surface
endo - directly in the blood

30
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine
-major glands

A

exo - sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate, mucous

endo - pineal gland, pituitary glans, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, adrenal glands

31
Q

What is antagonism?

A

when one hormone opposes the action of another

32
Q

What are the steps of ADH / oxytocin release into the blood?

A
  1. hypothalamic neurons synthesize ADH or oxytocin
  2. transported down axons of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
  3. stored in axon terminals
  4. action potentials cause release into the blood
33
Q

What are the steps for thyroid-releasing hormone?

A
  1. release/inhibit thyroid-releasing hormones (TRH) into the primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamus
  2. transported down portal veins to the anterior pituitary
  3. presence of TRH at the anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  4. presence of TSH then, secrete thyroid hormones into the secondary capillary plexus which empties into the general circulation
34
Q

What are the simple 3 steps of hormonal stimulus?

A
  1. hypothalamic releasing hormone
  2. anterior pituitary hormone
  3. target gland
35
Q

How does the nervous system moderate the endocrine system?

A

It makes adjustments to maintain homeostasis by overriding the normal endocrine controls

36
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
-deals w/ stress
-makes cortisol
-regulates digestion, immune, mood, emotions, energy storage
*-neuroendocrine system

37
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for cortisol levels in the body?

A
  1. paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) secretes vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone
  2. regulation of the pituitary gland
  3. secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. adrenal cortex release glucocorticoid
  5. suppression of vasopressin and CRH on the hypothalamus

ANP 1105 (12 decks)

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