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ANP 1105 > Lecture 12 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 systems and 4 processes of respiration?

A

-Respiratory system
1. pulmonary ventilation (conduction/breathing)
2. external ventilation (respiratory/ gas exchange lungs to blood)

-Cardiovascular system
3. transport (O2 + CO2 in blood)
4. internal respiration (O2 + CO2 to tissues)

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2
Q

What is the 5th process called which is considered to be separate?

A

intra cellular respiration

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3
Q

List the 3 upper respiratory structures and their function

A
  • nose (all components)
    = clean, moisten, warm incoming air, resonance speech
  • paranasal sinuses
    = lighten the skull, warm, moisten, filter air
  • pharynx
    = passage air and food, expose immune system to air antigens
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4
Q

List the 6 lower respiratory structures and their function

A
  • larynx
    = voice, no food in lungs
  • trachea
    = clean, warm, moisten the air
  • bronchial trees
    = clean, warm, moisten the air, connect trachea to alveoli
  • alveoli
    = gas exchange, surfactant for wall tension
  • lung
    = respiratory passage
  • pleurae
    = lube fluid, lung compartment
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5
Q

What are the external nose parts?

A

-root
-bridge
-dorsum nasi
-nostrils

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6
Q

What are the internal nose parts?

A

-posterior nasal aperature
-nasal vestibule
-nasal conchae
-paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

What nasal roof made of?

A

-ethmoid
-sphenoid

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8
Q

What nasal floor made of?

A

-soft and hard palate

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9
Q

Which two bones divide nasal cavity in 2?

A

-ethmoid
-vomer

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10
Q

What lines the nasal vestibule?

A

vibrissae (hairs) = filter corse particles

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11
Q

What line superior nasal cavity?

A

olfactory mucosa

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12
Q

What line inferior nasal cavity?

A

respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

What is the name of the glands in that secrete mucus?

A

seromucous nasal gland
-mucous cells
-serous cells

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14
Q

Name the conchae and their job

A

-superior
-middle
-inferior
= mucosal area
= enhance air turbulence
= filter, heat, moisten

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15
Q

What type of muscle composes the pharynx? What are the 3 regions?

A

=skeletal muscle
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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16
Q

What structure drains and equalizes pressure in the middle ear?

A

pharyngotympanic tyubes

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17
Q

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A

I) open airway
II) guide food and air in the proper channels
III) voice production

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18
Q

Name the 9 cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. cricoid = bridge to trachea
      1. paired arytenoid
  3. vocal folds
      1. paired cuneiform
      1. paired corniculate
  6. epiglottis
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19
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?
What does it do?
What is it covered with?
What helps it to fold?

A

-elastic cartilage
-prevent food in the air canal
-taste buds + mucosa
-vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

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20
Q

What is the core of the vocal folds?
What made of?

A

-vocal ligaments
-elastic fibres = white

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21
Q

How speech?

A

intermittent release of expired air during the opening and closing of the glottis
-pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips

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22
Q

How pitch?

A

length + tension of vocal cords

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23
Q

What does loudness depend on?

A

force of air

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24
Q

What structures amplify and enhance sound quality? (4)

A

pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities

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25
Q

What is Valsalva’s maneuver?

A

-glottis close to prevent exhalation
-ab muscle contact
-intra-ab pressure rises
-empty rectum/ stabilize trunk during heavy lifting

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26
Q

What are the 3 layers of the trachea? What made of?

A

1) mucosa
-ciliated pseudostratified

2) submucosa
-CT with seromucous glands

3) adventitia
-CT

27
Q

Violent coughing will be triggered if any foreign object makes contact with what structure in the trachea?

A

carina, where branch into 2 bronchi

28
Q

How many orders of branching do the air passages undergo?

A

23 = bronchial tree

29
Q

What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd subdivisions of bronchi?

A

-primary bronchi = left and right
-secondary bronchi (lobar) = left (2) and right (3)
-tertiary bronchi (segmental) = divide repeatedly

30
Q

How does the wall composition change as one moves through the bronchial tree?

A

a) cartilage = rings + plates
b) epithelium
-pseudostratified columnar
-columnar
-cuboidal
c) smooth muscle
-para = constrict
-symp = dialate

31
Q

What do the alveolar walls consist of? (2)

A

type 1 cells = single layer of squamous epithelium
type 2 cells = scattered cuboidal (surfactant)

32
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar pores?

A

-connect adjacent alveoli
=equalize pressure
=alternate routes

33
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

-keep surfaces sterile

34
Q

What is the hilum and what do?

A

on mediastinal surface
-exit/entry of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels + nerves

35
Q

What separates superior and inferior lobes?

A

oblique fissures

36
Q

Where do nerves entre the lungs?

A

pulmonary plexus on the lung root

37
Q

Name 2 pleurae and where are

A

I) parietal = on the thoracic wall, the superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs

II) visceral = on the surface of the lung

38
Q

What is a common homeostatic imbalance?

A

a) pleurisy = pleural inflammation from pneumonia
-inflammation = rough = pain
-excess fluid = pressure = hinder breathing

39
Q

What other fluids accumulate in the pleural cavity? (3)

A

-blood (damaged vessels)
-blood filtrate (capillaries)
-pleural effusion (fluid accumulation in cavity)

40
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure
-where?
-how much?
-when change?

A
  • in the alveoli
    -760 mmHg
    -rise + fall with breathing
41
Q

Intrapleural pressure
-where?
-how much?
-when change?

A

-in the pleural cavity
-756mmHg
-lungs contract/recoil

42
Q

Transpulmonary pressure
-what?
-how much?

A

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural
-4 mmHg

43
Q

When/how lung collapse?

A

intrapleural and intrapulmonary/atmospheric equalization in pressure

44
Q

What happens when rupture parietal/visceral pleura?

A

pneumothorax
=air in = collapse

45
Q

Inspiration steps (5)

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm + external intercostals)
  2. thoracic cavity increases
  3. intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  5. air flows into the lungs
46
Q

Expiration steps

A
  1. inspiratory muscles relax
  2. thoracic cavity decreases
  3. intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure increases
  5. air flows out of the lungs
47
Q

Quiet inspiration

A

-active process
-diaphragm + external intercostals contracts

48
Q

Quiet expiration

A

-passive process
-recoil diaphragm + relax intercostals

49
Q

Deep/forced inspiration

A

-neck + chest
-diaphragm + intercostals too

50
Q

Depp/forced expiration

A

-contract abs

51
Q

What the fuck is a spirometer?

A

measures the volume of air breathed in and out

52
Q

Draw out respiratory volumes and capacities

A

have fun

53
Q

What are the differences between alveoli and atmospheric gas? Why?

A

alveoli
= more CO2
= less O2
-blood to air exchange diff
-conduction zone more H2O
-mixed with every breath

54
Q

Explain ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

-amount of gas reaching the alveoli and blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
-PO2 = perfusion (arteriole)
-PCO2 = ventilation (bronchiole)

55
Q

What affects the rate of O2 binding to hemoglobin? (5)

A

I) PO2
II) temp
III) blood pH
IV) PCO2
V) [BPG] in blood

56
Q

How does the change in respiratory rate affect blood pH?

A

shallow breath = high CO2 - low H+
deep breath = low CO2 - high H+

57
Q

Tissue CO2 to blood

A

I) diffuse in solution
II) bind to Hg
III) carbonic acid + water

58
Q

Blood CO2 to lung

A

I) diffusion out
II) bound to Hg
III) bicarbonate ion

59
Q

State Boyle’s Law

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

60
Q

Dalton’s Law of PP

A

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures of each gas

61
Q

Henry’s Law

A

amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is equal to its partial pressure

62
Q

Pulmonary irritant reflex

A

bronchioles respond to dust, mucus, fumes
= close passage, cough, sneeze

63
Q

Inflation reflex

A

Hering-Breuer reflex
-stretch receptors on pleurae
=send message to stop inhaling

64
Q

What happens when exercise requires a fast increase in ventilation?

A

hyperpnea = ventilation 10-20x increase
-PO2, PCO2, pH remain constant

ANP 1105 (12 decks)

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