Lecture 12 - Respiratory Flashcards
What are the 2 systems and 4 processes of respiration?
-Respiratory system
1. pulmonary ventilation (conduction/breathing)
2. external ventilation (respiratory/ gas exchange lungs to blood)
-Cardiovascular system
3. transport (O2 + CO2 in blood)
4. internal respiration (O2 + CO2 to tissues)
What is the 5th process called which is considered to be separate?
intra cellular respiration
List the 3 upper respiratory structures and their function
- nose (all components)
= clean, moisten, warm incoming air, resonance speech - paranasal sinuses
= lighten the skull, warm, moisten, filter air - pharynx
= passage air and food, expose immune system to air antigens
List the 6 lower respiratory structures and their function
- larynx
= voice, no food in lungs - trachea
= clean, warm, moisten the air - bronchial trees
= clean, warm, moisten the air, connect trachea to alveoli - alveoli
= gas exchange, surfactant for wall tension - lung
= respiratory passage - pleurae
= lube fluid, lung compartment
What are the external nose parts?
-root
-bridge
-dorsum nasi
-nostrils
What are the internal nose parts?
-posterior nasal aperature
-nasal vestibule
-nasal conchae
-paranasal sinuses
What nasal roof made of?
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
What nasal floor made of?
-soft and hard palate
Which two bones divide nasal cavity in 2?
-ethmoid
-vomer
What lines the nasal vestibule?
vibrissae (hairs) = filter corse particles
What line superior nasal cavity?
olfactory mucosa
What line inferior nasal cavity?
respiratory mucosa
What is the name of the glands in that secrete mucus?
seromucous nasal gland
-mucous cells
-serous cells
Name the conchae and their job
-superior
-middle
-inferior
= mucosal area
= enhance air turbulence
= filter, heat, moisten
What type of muscle composes the pharynx? What are the 3 regions?
=skeletal muscle
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
What structure drains and equalizes pressure in the middle ear?
pharyngotympanic tyubes
What are the 3 functions of the larynx?
I) open airway
II) guide food and air in the proper channels
III) voice production
Name the 9 cartilages of the larynx
- cricoid = bridge to trachea
- paired arytenoid
- vocal folds
- paired cuneiform
- paired corniculate
- epiglottis
What is the epiglottis made of?
What does it do?
What is it covered with?
What helps it to fold?
-elastic cartilage
-prevent food in the air canal
-taste buds + mucosa
-vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
What is the core of the vocal folds?
What made of?
-vocal ligaments
-elastic fibres = white
How speech?
intermittent release of expired air during the opening and closing of the glottis
-pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
How pitch?
length + tension of vocal cords
What does loudness depend on?
force of air
What structures amplify and enhance sound quality? (4)
pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
What is Valsalva’s maneuver?
-glottis close to prevent exhalation
-ab muscle contact
-intra-ab pressure rises
-empty rectum/ stabilize trunk during heavy lifting
What are the 3 layers of the trachea? What made of?
1) mucosa
-ciliated pseudostratified
2) submucosa
-CT with seromucous glands
3) adventitia
-CT
Violent coughing will be triggered if any foreign object makes contact with what structure in the trachea?
carina, where branch into 2 bronchi
How many orders of branching do the air passages undergo?
23 = bronchial tree
What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd subdivisions of bronchi?
-primary bronchi = left and right
-secondary bronchi (lobar) = left (2) and right (3)
-tertiary bronchi (segmental) = divide repeatedly
How does the wall composition change as one moves through the bronchial tree?
a) cartilage = rings + plates
b) epithelium
-pseudostratified columnar
-columnar
-cuboidal
c) smooth muscle
-para = constrict
-symp = dialate
What do the alveolar walls consist of? (2)
type 1 cells = single layer of squamous epithelium
type 2 cells = scattered cuboidal (surfactant)
What is the purpose of alveolar pores?
-connect adjacent alveoli
=equalize pressure
=alternate routes
What do alveolar macrophages do?
-keep surfaces sterile
What is the hilum and what do?
on mediastinal surface
-exit/entry of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels + nerves
What separates superior and inferior lobes?
oblique fissures
Where do nerves entre the lungs?
pulmonary plexus on the lung root
Name 2 pleurae and where are
I) parietal = on the thoracic wall, the superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs
II) visceral = on the surface of the lung
What is a common homeostatic imbalance?
a) pleurisy = pleural inflammation from pneumonia
-inflammation = rough = pain
-excess fluid = pressure = hinder breathing
What other fluids accumulate in the pleural cavity? (3)
-blood (damaged vessels)
-blood filtrate (capillaries)
-pleural effusion (fluid accumulation in cavity)
Intrapulmonary pressure
-where?
-how much?
-when change?
- in the alveoli
-760 mmHg
-rise + fall with breathing
Intrapleural pressure
-where?
-how much?
-when change?
-in the pleural cavity
-756mmHg
-lungs contract/recoil
Transpulmonary pressure
-what?
-how much?
difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural
-4 mmHg
When/how lung collapse?
intrapleural and intrapulmonary/atmospheric equalization in pressure
What happens when rupture parietal/visceral pleura?
pneumothorax
=air in = collapse
Inspiration steps (5)
- inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm + external intercostals)
- thoracic cavity increases
- intrapulmonary volume increases
- intrapulmonary pressure drops
- air flows into the lungs
Expiration steps
- inspiratory muscles relax
- thoracic cavity decreases
- intrapulmonary volume decreases
- intrapulmonary pressure increases
- air flows out of the lungs
Quiet inspiration
-active process
-diaphragm + external intercostals contracts
Quiet expiration
-passive process
-recoil diaphragm + relax intercostals
Deep/forced inspiration
-neck + chest
-diaphragm + intercostals too
Depp/forced expiration
-contract abs
What the fuck is a spirometer?
measures the volume of air breathed in and out
Draw out respiratory volumes and capacities
have fun
What are the differences between alveoli and atmospheric gas? Why?
alveoli
= more CO2
= less O2
-blood to air exchange diff
-conduction zone more H2O
-mixed with every breath
Explain ventilation-perfusion coupling
-amount of gas reaching the alveoli and blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
-PO2 = perfusion (arteriole)
-PCO2 = ventilation (bronchiole)
What affects the rate of O2 binding to hemoglobin? (5)
I) PO2
II) temp
III) blood pH
IV) PCO2
V) [BPG] in blood
How does the change in respiratory rate affect blood pH?
shallow breath = high CO2 - low H+
deep breath = low CO2 - high H+
Tissue CO2 to blood
I) diffuse in solution
II) bind to Hg
III) carbonic acid + water
Blood CO2 to lung
I) diffusion out
II) bound to Hg
III) bicarbonate ion
State Boyle’s Law
the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Dalton’s Law of PP
total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures of each gas
Henry’s Law
amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is equal to its partial pressure
Pulmonary irritant reflex
bronchioles respond to dust, mucus, fumes
= close passage, cough, sneeze
Inflation reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
-stretch receptors on pleurae
=send message to stop inhaling
What happens when exercise requires a fast increase in ventilation?
hyperpnea = ventilation 10-20x increase
-PO2, PCO2, pH remain constant
