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Pathology > Lecture 8: Ocular Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Ocular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

describe the eye

A

Eye:
Many specialized structures
With the CNS converts light to visual images

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2
Q

what happens with inappropriate function of the eye

A

Inappropriate function:
Loss of sight
Pain

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3
Q

what can cause ocular disease

A 
Ocular disease:
Congenital
Immune mediated
Secondary to systemic disease
Traumatic
Inflammatory
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4
Q

what can cause inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

Irritant
Allergic, ocular trauma, foreign body, fur, eyelash irritation
Infection:
Bacterial, systemic disease (distemper)

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of conjunctivitis

A 
Red, inflamed conjunctiva
Chemosis: swelling (edema)
Discharge:
Serous to mucopurulent
Crusting
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6
Q

what are the signs of pain caused by conjunctivitis

A

Protruding nictitant membrane
Squinting
Blepharospasm

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7
Q

how do you diagnose conjunctivitis

A 
Signs, history
Need to (try to) identify initiating cause:
Complete ocular exam
Bacterial culture
Testing for systemic disease
Allergy testing
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8
Q

how do you treat conjunctivitis

A

Depends on cause
Antibiotic
+/- steroids (when not?)

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9
Q

when do you not give steroids for conjunctivitis

A

if there is an ulcer

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10
Q

what is epiphora

A

Abnormal overflow of tears
Obstructed nasolacrimal duct
Overproduction of tears

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11
Q

what causes epiphora

A 
Congenital obstruction
Infection/inflammation
Trauma
Foreign body
Tumors
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12
Q

what are the clinical signs of epiphora

A

Clinical signs:
Excessive watery discharge
Irritation of underlying skin
Eye rubbing

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13
Q

how do you diagnose epiphora

A

History – Eye exam
Fluorescein (why?), schirmer
Diagnostic imaging, surgical exploration

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14
Q

how do you treat epiphora

A 
Depends on underlying cause
Flushing
Stenting
Surgery
Removal of irritant
Correction of deformity
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15
Q

what is the most common complication of treating epiphora

A

re-occurance

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16
Q

what is cherry eye

A

Prolapse of nictitating membrane

With inflammation & hypertrophy

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17
Q

which animals are pre-disposed to cherry eye

A

Cocker spaniels, English bulldogs, Boston terriers, Beagles

Rare in cats

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18
Q

what causes cherry eye

A

Causes:
Genetic predisposition
Ocular infection/irritation
Sun damage

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of cherry eye

A 
Red mass in medial canthus
Mucopurulent discharge
Irritation:
Conjunctivitis
Tearing
Squinting
Unilateral or Bilateral
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20
Q

how do you treat cherry eye

A 
Surgical correction (not removal)
Important for tear production, can predispose to KCS
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21
Q

what is entropion

A 
Entropion:
Most common seen
Inversion of eyelid
Very painful
Creates eye damage
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22
Q

what is entropion/ectropion

A

Conformational abnormalities of the eyelid

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23
Q

what is ectropion

A

EVersion
Droopy eyes
Exposed conjunctiva:
Bacterial infection, irritant exposure

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of ectropion/entropion

A

Blepharospasm
Squinting
Epiphora
Corneal ulceration  change in corneal color

25
Q

how do you treat entropion/ectropion

A

surgical correction

26
Q

what is a corneal ulcer

A

Defect in the corneal epithelium

Frequent if dogs and cats

27
Q

what causes corneal ulcers

A 
Infection
Trauma
Foreign body
Entropion
KCS
28
Q

what are the clinical signs of corneal ulcers

A

Pain: squinting, epiphora, prominent thrid eyelid, pawing at eye
Visual defect in cornea
Clouding of the eye
Conjunctivitis

29
Q

how do you diagnose corneal ulcers

A

History & Eye exam

Fluorescein eye stain

30
Q

how do you treat corneal ulcers

A 
Removal of cause
Control of inflammation
Pain reduction
Antibiotics
E-Collar
Serum
Corneal graft
31
Q

what is chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)

A

Progressive, bilateral, inflammatory condition of the cornea

32
Q

what causes pannus (CSK)

A 
Genetic predisposition
(German shepherds
Labradors retrievers
Border collies
Greyhounds)
Probably immune-mediated
UV radiations
Altitude
33
Q

What are the clinical signs of pannus (CSK)

A

White, pink or brown pigmentation, vascularization & opacification
Starting at OUTSIDE edge of cornea and working inwards
Will affect signt
Usually causes discomfort

34
Q

how do you diagnose pannus (CSK)

A

Diagnosis

History & clinical signs

35
Q

how do you treat pannus (CSK)

A 
Earlier treatment = better prognosis
No cure, can be managed medically
Corticosteroids (topical, injections)
Lifelong
Reduce exposure to UV
36
Q

what is KCS

A

Tear (aqueous) deficiency

Most common cause of conjunctivitis in dogs, rare in cats

37
Q

what causes KCS

A 
Causes:
Autoimmune
Drug therapy
Distemper
Genetic
38
Q

what are the clinical signs of KCS

A 
Clinical signs:
Conjunctivitis
Chronic muco-purulent discharge
Corneal ulceration
Scarring
Pain/discomfort (rubbing)

Depends on severity of disease (amount of tears produced)

39
Q

how do you diagnose KCS

A

History and Eye exam
Schirmer tear test
Normal: 18-24 mm
KCS

40
Q

how do you treat KCS

A

Treatment
Eye lubrification
Immune suppressive drugs

Need to verify the presence of corneal ulcer before treatment

41
Q

what is anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye
Iris
Ciliary body
Common in dogs and cats

42
Q

what causes anterior uveitis

A 
Systemic diseases
Trauma
Irritants
Cataract
Neoplasia
Idiopathic
43
Q

what are the clinical signs of anterior uveitis

A 
Eye appears cloudy
Increase in proteins in anterior chamber
Inflammation of cornea
Painful
Miosis
Decrease IOP (intra-ocular pressure)
Photophobia
Blepharospasm
44
Q

how do you diagnose anterior uveitis

A

History, Signs, Eye exam
Ophthalmoscope exam
IOP measurement (very important why?)
Fluorescein

45
Q

how do you treat anterior uveitis

A

Fast and aggressive treatment is crucial!
prevent glaucoma, scarring of the uveal structures, and possibly blindness
Close monitoring of treatment

Remove initiating cause
Reduce inflammation (NSAIDS, Steroids)
\+/- antibiotics
Atropine 
Dilates the pupil and helps prevent scarring of the iris
Reduces pain
***Contraindicated if glaucoma
Prognosis depends on cause
Treatment can be life-long
46
Q

what is cataracts

A

Opacity of the lens that causes blurry vision
Most common in dogs
Can be young or adult onset

47
Q

what causes cataracts

A 
Causes:
Age
Genetics
Radiation
Trauma
Inflammation
Systemic disease (DM)
48
Q

describe nuclear sclerosis

A

Affects the lens
Normal change
Mild vision impairment
Can see retina

49
Q

describe cataracts

A

Affects the lens
Abnormal change
More severe impairment
Cannot see to retina

50
Q

how do you diagnose cataracts

A 
Diagnosis:
History
Rapid onset in young dogs
Ophthalmic exam
May require dilation (what to check before?)
51
Q

how do you treat cataracts

A

Surgical removal
Steroids if inflammation
Atropine

52
Q

what is progressive retinal atrophy

A 
Genetic disorder in which the retina atrophies and the animal goes blind
Affects cats and dogs
Bilateral condition
Non-painful
Early onset, progressive
53
Q

what are the clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy

A

Dilated pupils (glow or shine of the eye)
Night blindness at first, then complete blindness
Owners may notice more since quicker onset than old dogs
Disorientation
Fear of dark rooms
Getting lost
Cataract formation common in later stages

54
Q

how do you diagnose progressive retinal atrophy

A

Needs exam by ophthalmologist

Change in retina blood vessel pattern, optic nerve, etc

55
Q

how do you treat progressive retinal atrophy

A

None

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Pathology (10 decks)

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