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Pathology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does carcinogenic mean

A

Agent that causes mutations resulting in tumor formation

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2
Q

What is oncology

A

The study of neoplasia (diagnosis, treatment)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of benign neoplasm

A 
Well differentiated
The cells resemble closely the parent tissue
Little or no anaplasia
Slow growth
No basement membrane invasion
Do not metastasize
Often encapsulated
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4
Q

How can a benign neoplasm cause disease

A

By compressing sensitive tissues
By being metabolically active
By malignant transformation

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasm

A 
Some lack of differentiation
Anaplasia
Rapid Growth
Many mitotic figures
Abnormal mitotic figures
Locally invasive
Infiltrative growth
Frequent metastasis
Usually no capsule
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6
Q

What are some names of epithelial tumors

A

Adenoma
Papilloma
Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

What are some names of mesenchymal tumors

A

Tissue -oma

Tissue -sarc0ma

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8
Q

How does a tumor metastasise

A

Invasion of host tissue
Dissemination through vascular system
Implantation on new surfaces

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9
Q

What are some diagnostic methods for neoplasm

A 
radiology
computed tomography
ultrasound
MRI
Nuclear Medicine
cytology
DNA, RNA analysis
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10
Q

What do you do radiography for

A

screening test

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11
Q

why do you use computed tomography

A

to characterize and localize lesion
identify metastasis
surgery and radiotheraphy planning

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12
Q

Why do we use ultrasound

A

Abdomen: internal structure of organs and to image body cavities when effusion
Assess vasculature
Ultrasound-guided sampling

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13
Q

Why do we use nuclear medicine

A

administration of radioisotopes

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14
Q

What are the advantages to cytology

A

Relatively low risk of procedures to the animal
Lower cost compared with biopsy
Speed with which results can be obtained
Best to evaluate cellular criteria (ex lymphoma)

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages to cytology

A 
Small sample (may not be representative)
No tissue architecture
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16
Q

Why do we do DNA and RNA analysis

A 
Study mutations to help classify tumors
Diagnostic utility (lymphocytosis)
Can help guide therapy
17
Q

Why do we do grading

A

Done to predict/classify the behavior of the tumor.
Different criteria depending on tumor type.
Done by pathologist

18
Q

Why do we do staging

A

Describing or classifying a cancer based on the extent of cancer in the body.
Often based on the size of the tumour, presence of metastasis
Stages are based on specific factors for each type of cancer

19
Q

What are some clinical effects of neoplasm

A 
The pressure exerted by the neoplasm on the surrounding tissues will cause the following effects:
Pain
Vessels blockage
Dyspnea, hypoxia
Compromise organ function
20
Q

What is cachexia

A

Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
that cannot be reversed nutritionally
Inflammatory cytokines involved

21
Q

What causes anemia

A

Suppression of erythropoietin synthesis in kidneys
Hemorrhages
Decreased erythropoiesis
Erythrocyte fragmentation

22
Q

What causes hypercalcemia

A

Tumor cell secretions

Osteolytic metastases of neoplasms

23
Q

What are some causes of cancer

A 
Genetic
 Immunosuppression
 Chemical carcinogens
 Viral carcinogens
 Physical carcinogens
 Chronic tissue injury
24
Q

What are some environmental factors that cause cancer

A

Cigarette smoke
Ultraviolet irradiation
Urbanization
Diet

25
Q

What are the intrinsic factor that cause cancer

A

Oxygen free radicals that result from chronic inflammation
Intrinsic errors in DNA replication
every time a cell divides, each daughter cell is likely to carry at least a few hundred mutations in its DNA
Most are silent, but accumulate

26
Q

describe heritable cancer syndromes

A

Cancers with clear heritable basis

Not many described in veterinary literature

27
Q

Describe genetic Influence in Sporadic Cancers

A

It is Why not all smokers get lung cancer

28
Q

Describe Presence of distinct heritable traits that segregate with common cancer phenotypes in dogs (animals)

A

Will not cause cancer directly (unlike heritable syndrome)

Histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese Mountain dogs

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the chemical extrinsic factors

A 
Very wide variety
Most bind covalently to DNA
Direct carcinogen
Indirect:
Require metabolic activation
30
Q

what are the characteristics of the physical extrinsic factors

A 
Sunlight
facial, aural, and nasal planum SCC in white or partially white cats and may also play a similar role in some cutaneous SCC lesions in dog
Trauma/Inflammation
Chronic keratitis
Feline vaccine associated sarcoma
Radiation
At site of radiation therapy
Surgery/Implants
Anecdotal reports
31
Q

what are the characteristics of the hormonal extrinsic factors

A

Canine mammary cancer
most common neoplasm of female intact dogs
Similar in cats, but not as well documented
Perianal adenoma
occurs primarily in intact male dogs, whereas perianal adenocarcinoma occurs in both intact and castrated males
Resolves after castration
Prostate cancer
neutered dogs have been shown to be at increased risk

32
Q

Describe the papilloma virus

A

Usually multiple lesions affecting young dogs

Most regress without txt

33
Q

Describe the feline leukaemia virus

A

Still much to discover
Only 20% of cats persistently infected with FeLV develop lymphoid cancer
Twenty years ago, 70% of lymphomas in cats were believed to be caused by FeLV

34
Q

describe the FIV virus

A

neoplasms most commonly linked to FIV infection
Lymphomas and myeloid tumors (myelogenous leukemia, myeloproliferative disease)
few carcinomas and sarcomas
Lentiviruses such as FIV not oncogenic in themselves
markedly immunosuppressive
affect normal immunosurveillance of cancerous cells

35
Q

Describe canine hemangiosarcoma

A

Highly malignant neoplasm that originates from vascular endothelium
Affects middle-age to older dogs, large breed
Primary tumor site:
Spleen
Heart (right atrium)
Subcutis
Liver
Metastasis:
lungs, liver, mesentery, and omentum (hematogenous)
Direct spread
Features helpful for diagnosis (pertinent staging/grading, etc):
Often morphologically altered RBCs are present, such as schistocytes, acanthocytes, and poikilocytes
Can present as acute abdomen or cardiac tamponade
Other (complications, prognosis, etc)
Highly metastatic
Watch for DIC
If Splenic, need to remove spleen, but prognosis still poor (better with chemo - 141–179 days)

Pathology (10 decks)

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