Lecture 2

Question 1

What is inflammation

Answer 1

Mechanism with a protective biological purpose:
To dilute, isolate and eliminate cause of injury
Well organized cascade of fluid and cellular changes
Can be harmful

Question 2

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

Question 3

Describe acute inflammation

Answer 3

Short duration (few hours to few days)
Mostly fluid changes with neutrophils
Followed by repair and healing

Question 4

Describe chronic inflammation

Answer 4

Weeks to months (to years)
Mostly lymphocytes and macrophages
Often fibrosis and granulation tissue
Can be secondary to acute inflammation or direct (mycobacterium, foreign material)

Question 5

What is serous exudates

Answer 5

Low in proteins, clotting factors and cells

Blisters from burns, acute allergic responses

Question 6

Describe mucous exudates

Answer 6

Fluid containing an abundance of mucus and mucin (from a mucus membrane)
Chronic allergies (chronic asthma)
Autoimmune GI diseases

Question 7

Describe fibrinous exudate

Answer 7

Fluid with high concentration of plasma proteins

But low leukocytes

Question 8

Describe purulent/suppurative exudate

Answer 8

High proteins

High WBC

Question 9

Describe the systemic reaction in inflammation

Answer 9

1. release of cytokines (pyrogens) from wbc
2. hypothalamus is triggered
3. causes a fever

Question 10

When does an abscess occur

Answer 10

Occurs when acute inflammation fails to rapidly eliminate stimulus.

Question 11

What is an abscess

Answer 11

Enzymes from neutrophils liquefy affected tissue and neutrophils  pus
Particularly myeloperoxidase

Question 12

What species lacks myeloperoxidase

Answer 12

rabbits and reptiles

Question 13

Describe the difference between acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 13

Cells as opposed to fluid

Question 14

What is a particular feature of chronic inflammation

Answer 14

granulomas

Question 15

What is equine proud flesh

Answer 15

hypertrophic scar

Question 16

Describe equine proud flesh

Answer 16

Exuberant proliferation of fibroblats and collagen
Not well understood
Disregulation of cytokines & Growth factors most likely

Question 17

Describe IBD

Answer 17

Idiopathic. Classified by the region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affected and by the predominant inflammatory cell type.
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammation is most commonly found, followed by eosinophilic inflammation.
IBD is believed to be immune-mediated in origin.
normal intestinal mucosa serves as a barrier and controls exposure of antigens to the GI lymphoid tissue (GALT).
GALT generates appropriate immune responses (tolerance of harmless antigens).
IBD develops when there is a break-down in this process and inappropriate immune responses occur.