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Pathology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the components of the heart

A

÷ Pericardium
÷ Myocardium
÷ Conduction system
÷ Endocardium & Valves

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2
Q

Describe the components of the heart vessels

A

÷ Arteries (distribution)
÷ Veins (collection)
÷ Capillaries
÷ Lymphatic

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3
Q

How is fluid distribution and homeostasis maintained

A

Physical barriers
Concentration Gradient
Pressure Gradient

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4
Q

What is edema

A

Accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

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5
Q

What are the barrier problems

A

increased permeability

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6
Q

What enzymes are associated with inflammation

A

histamine and bradykinin

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7
Q

What can cause barrier problems

A

inflammation, damage and immune mediated

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8
Q

What causes edema

A

infectious (tick born disease, FIP, leptospirosis, etc)
immune mediated disease
toxins

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9
Q

What causes hydrostatic pressure problems

A

portal hypertension
localized obstruction
fluid overload

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10
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure mean

A

increased pressure

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11
Q

what causes oncotic pressure problems

A

decreased albumin (production or losses)

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12
Q

What are common fluid distribution problems

A

Barrier Problems
Pressure Problems
Decreased lymphatic drainage

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13
Q

Where can edema be located

A 
¡  Alveolar lumen
¡  Thoracic cavity
¡  Pericardial sac
¡  Abdominal cavity 
¡  Subcutaneous
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14
Q

Describe the appearance of edema and the histological appearance

A

Clear to slightly yellow

transuadate (low protein and low cells)

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15
Q

Describe physical disruption that cause hemorrhage

A

trauma
erosion
neoplastic invasion
fungi

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16
Q

What minor defects that could cause hemorrhage

A

endotoxemia/infectious agents
toxins
immune-complexes

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17
Q

What can cause hemorrhage

A

Physical disruption
minor defects
thrombocytopenia
coagulation factor deficiency

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18
Q

What is thrombosis

A

— Formation of inappropriate clot of fibrin and/or platelets along with other blood elements on the wall of a blood vessel / lymphatic / heart.

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19
Q

What is a thrombosis called when it occurs in the lumen

A

thromboembolism

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20
Q

What can cause endothelial injury/vasculitis

A

¡ Infectious (ex herpes virus, salmonella, aspergillus)
¡ Immune-mediated
¡ Toxins

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21
Q

What can cause an alteration in blood flow

A

¡ Mechanical
÷ (GDV, external compression)
¡ Cardiac disease
¡ Hypovolemia

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22
Q

What can cause hypercoagulability

A 
¡  Inflammation
¡  Diabete
¡  Renal disease
¡  Neoplasia
¡  Hepatic disease 
¡  Cushing’s
¡  Hypothyroidism 
¡  Heartworm
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the renal arteries

A

decrease in renal function, proteinuria and hematuria or

anuria if bilateral

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the pulmonary arteries

A

¡ acute respiratory compromise and a ventilation-perfusion mismatch that can be mild or subclinical depending on the degree of embolization

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the mesenteric arteries

A

¡ gastrointestinal signs and abdominal pain

26
Q

what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the distal limb arteries

A

¡ pain, hardening of the musculature (tetany), and cyanosis

27
Q

What are the three types of shock

A 
¡  Cardiogenic
¡  Hypovolemic
¡  Blood maldistribution
(÷  Septic
÷  Anaphylactic 
÷  Neurogenic)
28
Q

What is cariogenic shock

A 
Failure of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood 
÷  Arrhythmias
÷  Cardiomyopathy
÷  Pericardial tamponade
÷  Anesthesia
29
Q

How is cardiogenic shock characterized

A

Loud murmurs, tachycardia or bradycardia, arrrhythmias, and weak heart sounds

30
Q

What is hypovolemic shock

A

¡ Reduced circulating blood volume
÷ Fluid loss: vomiting, diarrhea, burns
÷ Blood loss (>35%)

31
Q

How is hypovolemic shock characterized

A

tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and tachypnea

32
Q

What is blood maldistribution

A

¡ Pooling of blood in peripheral tissues from vasodilation

33
Q

what is anaphylactic shock

A

¡ Widespread mast cell degranulation

¡ USUALLY CAUSED BY: Vaccine, insect/plant, drugs

34
Q

What is neurogenic shock

A

¡ Autonomic nerve discharge

¡ CAUSED BY: Electrocution, stress, fear

35
Q

What is septic shock

A

¡ Infectious organism released inflammation mediator

36
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

Inability of the heart to maintain normal
¡ systemic blood pressure
¡ normal cardiac output (normal tissue blood flow)
¡ normal filling pressure

37
Q

Why does congestive heart failure occur

A

results from severe heart disease

38
Q

What does right sided heart failure cause

A

¡ Hepatomegaly & splenomegaly ¡ Ascites

39
Q

What does left sided heart failure cause

A

Pulmonary congestion and edema

40
Q

What can cause pericardial effusion

A 
¡  Cardiac hemangiosarcoma
÷  Highly malignant 
¡  Idiopathic
÷  Golden Retriever 
¡  Acute vs Chronic
¡  Pericardiocenthesis
41
Q

Describe dilated cardiomyopathy

A

¡ Large breed dog (e.g. Doberman, Irish Wolfhound)
¡ Familial pattern
¡ Etiology not well understood
¡ Adult onset
÷ May have murmur, arrhythmias, tachycardia
¡ Taurine-deficient cats

42
Q

Describe myocardium

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
¡ Main Coons
¡ Etiology not completely clear
¡ Young adult, middle-age cat
÷ Mostly asymptomatic with murmur of gallop
¡ Associated with arterial thromboembolism
¡ Hyperthyroidism can cause a form of DCM (reversible)

43
Q

Describe arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the boxer

A

¡ Ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, sudden death
¡ Familial disease
÷ Not well understood, difficult to breed out

44
Q

Describe sick sinus syndrome

A

¡ West Highland white terrier, Miniature schnauzer, American
cocker spaniel, Boxer, Dachshund, Pug
¡ Idiopathic
¡ Adult onset
÷ Most of these dogs show overt clinical signs (syncope, episodic
weakness) at the time of diagnosis
¡ Pacemaker

45
Q

Describe myxomatous valvular degeneration

A

¡ Progressive degeneration of the atrioventricular valves
¡ Older dogs
¡ Small- to medium-size breeds (Papillon, Poodle, Chihuahua,
Dachshund, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel)
¡ Slow progression to heart failure
¡ Progressive murmur

46
Q

Describe patent ductus arteriosus

A 
¡  Mostly dogs
¡  Congenital, can be genetic
¡  Female; pomeranian, poodle (proved heritable cause), Keeshond, Bichon frise, Chihuahua, Maltese, Shetland sheepdog
¡  Continuous murmur
¡  Sx or Coil
47
Q

Describe valve stenosis

A

¡ Pulmonary valve (smaller breeds)
¡ Aortic valve (larger breeds)
¡ Loud murmur
¡ Not as easy to correct if severe

48
Q

describe fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

¡ Vascular thrombosis and infarction of the spinal cord
¡ Sudden onset, usually one side worst
¡ Non-chondrodystrophoid
¡ If deep pain sensation remains, many animals will recover useful spinal function

49
Q

describe intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

Dilatation of lymphatic vessels and obstruction of normal
lymph flow.
¡ Intestinal lymphatic dysfunction leads to leakage of protein- rich lymph into the intestinal lumen.
÷ Common causes of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) in dogs
¡ Primary: idiopathic
¡ Secondary:
÷ Inflammatory disease ÷ Neoplasia
÷ Heart failure

50
Q

What are the signs of intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

÷ vomiting, diarrhea (usually small bowel), weight loss, lethargy, anorexia
÷ peripheral edema, abdominal distension from ascites

51
Q

How do you treat intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

diet change, anti-inflammatories

52
Q

what is the prognosis for intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

prognosis is variable

53
Q

What causes a rupture of the thoracic duct

A

¡ Cause chylothorax
¡ Cytological aspect:
¡ Often idiopathic (other: neoplasia, HWD, heart failure)

54
Q

What is a portosystemic shunt

A

¡ Anomalous vessels that allow normal portal blood (from GIT) to pass directly into the systemic circulation without first passing through the liver
¡ Congenital or acquired (older)
¡ Failure to thrive, poor weight gain, and small body stature ÷ Seizure-like episodes after a meal
¡ Some can be treated with surgery

Pathology (10 decks)

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