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Pathology > Lecture 8: Muscoskeletal Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Muscoskeletal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what causes bone fractures

A 
Trauma
Nutrient deficiencies
Neoplasm
Hormonal imbalance
Infection
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2
Q

how do you classify bone fractures

A

Open vs closed

Complete vs incomplete

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3
Q

describe a linear fracture

A

Linear: incomplete, parallele to bone

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4
Q

describe a greenstick fracture

A

incomplete, bent

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5
Q

describe a comminuted fracture

A

multiple bone fragments

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6
Q

describe a compression fracture

A

collapse of vertebra

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7
Q

describe an avulsion fracture

A

loss of section of bone due to muscle contraction

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8
Q

how do you diagnose a bone fracture

A

History, signs: severe lameness, pain, crepitus on palpation

Radiographs

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9
Q

what can bone fractures be associated with

A

If the result of trauma  Can be associated with more severe damage!
Shock, internal organ damage, internal bleeding

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10
Q

how do you initially manage a bone fracture

A

Initial management: immobilization
Reduces pain
Reduces trauma to soft tissue
Closed fractures (2-4 days), open (8h; 24-48h)

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11
Q

how do you repair a bone fracture

A

External coaptation: splint or cast
External fixation
Internal fixation: plates, screws, nails, pins, wires

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12
Q

what factors are to be considered when treating a bone fracture

A

Fracture
Patient
Environment

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13
Q

what is important to remember about a splint or cast repair

A

Splints need frequent evaluations and changes
complications may result in a longer overall healing period
whereas some fixation methods improve the chance of successful outcomes without demanding post-operative care.

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14
Q

what is panosteitis

A

Acute, self-limiting condition in quickly growing animals
Pain & inflammation
In long bones
Most common in large and giant dog breeds

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15
Q

what causes panosteitis

A

Unknown (idiopathic)
Genetic
Stress
Autoimmune factors

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of panosteitis

A

Acute lameness in young animals
Often shifting lameness, intermittent
May be associated with muscle atrophy
Fever, anorexia, lethargy

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17
Q

how do you diagnose panosteitis

A

History, signs, PE
Radiographs (may be NSF if acute)
Rule out more serious causes

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18
Q

how do you treat panosteitis

A

Palliative
Pain relief
Review diet
Excessive development contributes to this disorder

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19
Q

what is degenerative joint disease

A

Progressive, long-term deterioration of the joint cartilage, causing damage
Frequent in dogs and cats

20
Q

what causes degenerative joint disease

A 
Age
Infection
Trauma
Developmental dystrophies
Obesity
Autoimmune conditions
21
Q

what are the clinical signs of degenerative joint disease

A 
Lameness
Worst with exercise, weather changes, inactivity
Muscle atrophy
Joint inflammation and crepitus
Decrease in activity, gait change
22
Q

how do you diagnose degenerative joint disease

A

history and PE

radiographs

23
Q

describe degenerative joint disease

A

Narrowed joint space
Bone sclerosis
Osteophytes
Joint effusion

Non-inflammatory

Severity of lesion not indicative of pain

24
Q

how do you treat degenerative joint disease

A 
Palliative
Weight loss
Pain management (monitoring)
Low impact exercise
Specialized diets
Physical therapy
Surgery
Joint replacement or excision
25
Q

what is hip dysplasia

A 
Very common ☹
Abnormal development of coxofemoral joint
Joint laxity
Leads to DJD
Most common in large breeds
26
Q

what causes hip dysplasia

A

Genetic

Extra nutrients in diet

27
Q

what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia

A

Variable
Lameness, bunny hop
Reduced range of motion
Muscle atrophy

28
Q

how do you diagnose hip dysplasia

A

History & PE
Subluxation test
Radiographs
Special protocols: OFA, PennHIP

29
Q

how do you treat hip dysplasia

A 
Medical management
Surgical options
TPO (triple pelvis osteotomy)
THR (total hip replacement)
FHO (femoral head osteotomy)
30
Q

what is osteochondritis dissecans

A

Results from abnormal bone formation from cartilage precursors.
Leads to retention of excessive cartilage in the joint
Forms flaps and breaks off in joint space
Debris can lead to synovitis and osteoarthritis

31
Q

what are the most common sites of osteochondritis dissecans

A 
Shoulder
Elbow
Stifle
Tarsal joint
Most common in large and giant breeds
32
Q

what are the clinical signs of osteochondritis dissecans

A

4-8 mo old
Lameness
Inflammation, joint effusion
Muscle atrophy

33
Q

how do you diagnose osteochondritis dissecans

A

Signs and history, PE
Radiographs
Cytology to rule out infectious
Arthroscopy

34
Q

how do you treat osteochondritis dissecans

A

Removal of joint debris + curette to stimulate new formation of cartilage
NSAIDS
Weight control
Prognosis depends on joint (+: shoulder, stifle; -: elbow, tarsus) and degree of damage
Likely genetic so stop breeding

35
Q

what is patellar luxation

A 
Patella no longer stays confined to femoral groove
Medial or lateral movement
Can be uni or bilateral
Can lead to osteoarthritis
Toy and small breeds
Mostly genetics
36
Q

what are the clinical signs of patellar luxation

A

Can develop very early
Skipping lameness
Abnormal leg position: bow legged or knock-kneed
Rarely painful

37
Q

how do you diagnose patellar luxation

A

History, Signs, PE
Orthopedic exam
Radiographs to evaluate changes

38
Q

when do you do surgery for patellar luxation

A

If animal symptomatic
Considered for grade 2 and over
Reconstruction of soft tissue and groove (mostly)

39
Q

what is a cranial cruciate ligament rupture

A

Most common causes of hindlimb lameness

Tear or rupture of stifle stabilisation ligament

40
Q

what causes CCL

A

Trauma
Autoimmune disease
Conformational deformity (genetic)
40-60% of dogs that have CCL in one knee will, at some future time, develop a similar problem in the other knee.

41
Q

what are the clinical signs for CCL

A 
Lameness, non-weight bearing
Pain
Joint effusion
Muscle atrophy
Drawer sign: 
Radiographs
42
Q

how do you treat CCL

A 
Medical
Weight loss, Physical therapy
NSAID, analgesics, joint supplements
Surgical
Best treatment option
Done to restore stability, not repair
Osteotomy or suture technique
43
Q

what is intervertebral disk disease

A

Degeneration and protrusion of the disk located between the vertrebra
Puts pressure on spinal cord, causing CNS signs

44
Q

which animals are genetically pre-disposed to intervertebral disk disease

A

Genetic predisposition in chondrodystrophic dogs

Dachshunds, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Basset, Corgis, Beagles, Cocker

45
Q

what are the clinical signs of IVDD

A

Neck and back pain
Muscle spasm (stiff, round back)
Ataxia, paraplegia, toe knuckling

46
Q

how do you diagnose IVDD

A

History, signs and PE
Neurological exam
Radiographs/CT

47
Q

how do you treat IVDD

A

Conservative treatment with cage rest, confinement, and pain medications
first episode and the neurologic deficits are mild
Surgery
More severe cases
Loss of deep sensation requires emergency surgery
Prognosis is variable

Pathology (10 decks)

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