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Self & Identity > *****lecture 8 - Neuroscience of the self > Flashcards

*****lecture 8 - Neuroscience of the self Flashcards

1
Q

Define Social neuroscience

A

How social psychology effects can be tracked in the brain

  • Where is X located in the brain
  • What processes are run seperately, or by the same brain locality?
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2
Q

What are the types of neuroimaging techniques, and evaluate them

A
  • take picture of it
  • Measuring blood flow

1) fMRI – follow differentials in 02 to track blood flow
X – have to be completely still otherwise movement lights up brain – have to answer questions using buttons strapped to leg

2) PET (position emission topogrophy) – follows a radioactive isotype in the bloodstream
√ - can move a bit
X – less precise

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3
Q

What is the name of electrophsycial technique used to study the brain and evauate it

A
  • EEG – Comparing electrical activity in areas of brain
    √- Cheaper
    √ - Just a hat, can move and do loads of things
    X – Even less precise
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4
Q

What does TMS stand for and evaluate it

A

TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation)
- Pulse magnetic field, can inhibit or enhance brain activity
- Watch effect on behaviour, but more commonly used as treatment of depression/ physiotherapy
X – only temporary

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5
Q

What other method of studying the brain is there?

A

Also, cognitive procedures

  • E.g. implicit association tests (testing response times)
  • Often not considered neuroscience
  • Doesn’t look at brain specifically, but how it workds
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6
Q

What are the assumptions of neuroscience?

A
  • localisation of function
  • Networks of connections
  • Must reduce ‘noise’
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7
Q

Who did the study about anoerxia and photos of plates?

A

Forde et al (2015)

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8
Q

OUtline Forde et al (2015)

A
  • Presented women in MRI with images of food on plates, or objects on plates
  • Women without eating disorder – use concious decision-making portion of the brain
  • Those with an eating disorder - also used parts of the brain associated with habitual control – brain engages in self-control when it sees food, repating behaviours changes them neuorlogically
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9
Q

What are the three ways of looking at the brain, and define them

A

Sagitall (from the side)
coronal (From in front)
transverse (from above)

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10
Q

What is the key area of the brain associated with the self?

A

The prefrontal cortex - highly activiated for self-concept, personality, self-regulation, planning (self-presentation)

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11
Q

What is the medial pfc (mPFC) split into?

A

Ventromedial PFC - closer to front

Dorsomedial PFC closer to back

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12
Q

Who found that thinking about traits and self activates mPFC?

A

Kelley et al (2002)

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13
Q

Outline Kelley et al (2002) findings

A
  • Traits seen as relating to self (talkung about self)-> Strong vmPFC activation

Traits seen as relating to others (talking about others)-> little activation

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14
Q

Who found that this area of the brain is also used to make empathetic judgements?

A

Mitchell et al (2005)

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15
Q

Outline Mitchell et al (2005)

A
  • Judged ‘how pleased face was to have photograph taken’
    • compared to control test – asked how symmetrical this face is because that tested a different area
    • authors suggest we use self-knowledge to make other-related judgments

Mitchell proved that when we try to empathise with others, the area of the brain associated with the self lights up

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16
Q

Who did the study comparing when english, and when chinese people thought about self/ mothers?

A

Zhue et al (2007)

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17
Q

OUtline Zhue et al (2007)

A
  • Asked people questions about themselves
  • Asked people about their mothers
  • results:
    • western respondants – heightened vmPFC when answering self q’s, not bothered when asked questinos about mother
    • Chinese respondands – heighetedn vmPFC when answering both sets
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18
Q

Who repetead Zhu et al (2007) but with Han chinese and Tibetan ps?

A

Wu et al (201)

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19
Q

Outline Wu et al (201)

A
  • repeated Zhue (2007) but with different p’s
  • Tibetan and Han chinese people
  • Results:
    • Han chinese findings were replicated
    • Tibetans showed no clear activation pattern in vmPFC
  • authorst suggest that this id due to Tibetan relgious beliefs – lack of a sense of self
  • Further potential evidence of cultural impact on neural structure
20
Q

What does empathy (in mPFC) develop in a similar time frame to?

A

ToM

21
Q

Keely et al (2002) found that mPFC is activated when thinking about self, who suggests its also active when thinking about others?

A

Mitcehll et al (2005)

22
Q

mPFC activation is often higher during intertrial period? Who proposes an explanation for this?

A

Amodio & Ratner (2013) - preparing for upcoming trial, think again where i am, and what i have to do next

23
Q

What part of the brain is used for various emotional expressions and also pain?

A

Anterior cingulate cortext

  • divided into
    1) Dorsal
    2) Ventral
24
Q

Who did the study where people got zapped on the skin and saw others

A

Singer et al (2004)

25
Q

Outine Singer et al (2004)

A
  • p’s experience sensory pain on own skin (zaps), but later watch loved ones also experience it – in the same room
  • Sensory pain on self activates ACC and multiple areas
  • Watching loved ones in pain similarly activiates this – affective pain
  • People with highier emapthy react strongly
    Distinction between affective (emotional pain – can cause equal distress) and sensory permits experiencing others pain
    Pain isnt only a feeling but an experience
  • pain sensation + Pain related distress
26
Q

What were Eisenberger et al (2006)’s findings?

A

Increased experience of physical pain (lower pain tolerance) -> increased experience of social pain

27
Q

What did DeWall et al (2010) find>

A

Physical pain reduction reduces social pain as well

- paracetamol reduces social pain (DeWall et al., 2010)

28
Q

Outline Eisenberger et al (2003)

A

P’s played an internet game (pong like) with other players (who were actually AI)
Condition 1: AI included p in game
Condition 2: AI excluded p in game – didn’t pass to them
Exclusion lead to greater activation in Anterior cingulate context (ACC)
More activation associated with greater reports of distress
Pain experienced in ACC - primarily affecgive pain (distress/ social pain)

29
Q

Who did the exclusion study, pong?

A

Eisenberger et al (2003)

30
Q

Who did the early research into mirror neurons, with monkeys?

A

Rizzolatti et al (1996)

31
Q

Outline Rizzolatti et al (1996)

A

– experimented with monkeys

- when experimentor reached into bowl of fruit, same neurons activated as if monkey was doing the reaching (EEG)

32
Q

Define empathy

A
  • the vicarious and embodied experience of anothers persons feelings
  • Mitchell et al (2005) – we use self as framework to interpret others
  • MN’s could explain neural basis for this understanding of the other
33
Q

What are the reasons for failing to show empathy?

A
  1. Depersonalisation
    - seen as one of many
  2. Intergroup empathy gap -outgroup receivess less empathy - Xu et al (2009
  3. Pain induced for justice receives less empathy - Singer (2009)
34
Q

Outline Xu et al (2009) needle in face

A

showed ps caucasin and chinese faces in painful or non-painful expressions
- More ACC activation when viewing ingroup pain than outgroup pain – find it easier to relate it

35
Q

outline Singer (2009) (cheaters in game)

A
  • P’s played a game where 2 confederates joined in
    • 1 confederate cheated, the other played fairly
    • Then watched other players and self receive pain while in MRI
    • when unfair player got pain, felt less empathetic – felt they deserved it
    • Note: males showed a significant difference, but females didn’t
    • X – small sample – only 32
36
Q

What are the 2 legal concepts required in order to be guilty?

A
  • Actus reus – must have physically done it!
  • Mens rea – must have been mentally aware of and purposefully did the act, and aware of possible consequences. Cant prove this if brain is faulty

you can get out of these if your too young or insane

37
Q

Who did a study comparing children with Aggressive conduct disorder (high aggression, low empathy) to controls?

A

Decety et al (2009)

38
Q

Outline Decety et al (2009)

A
  • Compared boys with ACD to controls
  • Watched a video:
    • either fingers getting crushed in piano cover through intentional act of meanness
    • Fingers accidently get caught in car door
  • both groups showed empathetic brain reaction to both videos (ACC)
  • but ACD youth showed extra activation
  • ACD youth also showed potential activation in reward pathways
    • addicted to seeing pain and get pleasure when they see it
39
Q

What are the properties of the adolescent brain, in terms of risk

A

Less developed:

  • at assessing risk
  • Self-regulation

More likely to:

  • be risky
  • give in to pressure
  • react aggressively or emotionally
  • need experience of risk to develop appropriate pathways - abuse leads to heightened sensitivity to stress
40
Q

What are the 2 ways talk has been studied with neuorsciecne?

A
  • overhearing paradigm
    • listening in to a naturally occuring conversation
  • controlled conversation
    • interact with script, experimentor, or confederate
    • X – cant put 2 people in fMRI so they record natural conos and play it back to them in fMRI – brain works the same way if having a natural convo
41
Q

Who proved that it takes 600 milliseconds from seeing an image to producing the word?

A

Indefrey & Levelt (2004)

42
Q

How do we speak so fast then?

A

we prepare for our reply before the other person has finished talking

43
Q

Who investigated how longer silences are associated with disprefered responses?

A

Kendrick & Torreira, (2015)

44
Q

Who did the suprise/ dispreered response etc

A

Bogels et al (2015)

45
Q

Outline Bogels et al (2015)

A
  • P’s listen to an utterance, then a silence, then a response
  • EEG showed surprise reponse if response didn’t match silence
  • Long silence + prefered = surprise
  • Short silence + Disprefered = surprise
46
Q

Who did the ‘i have a credit card’ study?

A

Gisladottir (2015)

47
Q

Outline Gisladottir (2015)

A

I have a credit card

  • Can be used to offer help, answer a question, or decline an offer
  • Brain shows early response depending on potential action type
  • All Talk has an action, to get something done, depends on the context as to what response is caused

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