*****Lecture 3 - Self Knowledge Flashcards
Define introspection
The activity of holding your own beliefs, memories, thoughts and feelings in concsious attention - examing the self as an object. Not introversion or rumination
Define the introspection illusion
Belief that we have accurate understanding of our own thoughts, motivations, beliefs, feelings etc - think our reflective thoughts are true and accurate/ objective
What are the causes of the introspective illusion?
- F.A.E - underestimate influence of the situation
- Implicit/ unconcious processes - unware of certain processes - habits/ impulses
- Confabulation - filling in gaps in our concious awareness, making disconnected thoughts consistent
Where does self-knolwedge come from? 2 things
1) Instrumental self-analysis - Ability to complete tasks, objective pass/fail, learn about self
2) Social self-analysis - Attributes defined only by virtue of others
In terms of the introspective illusion, who explored a poor awarness of learning?
Carpenter et al (2013)
Outline Carpenter et al (2013)
- p’s either had a fluent lecturer or an unfluent lecutre
- if they had a fluent lecturer, they predicted that they had learnt more.
- both groups actually learned the same
Outline the Dunning-Kruger effect (1999)
- P’s dont know what they dont know
- Bottom 25% overestimated performance, top undereestimated performance
- unaware of abilities
Which two people explored the poor awareness of priming?
Jiang et al (2009)
Spears et al (2004)
Outline Spears er al (2004)
- told students they’re neat, they then did a colouring book neatly, thinking they were neat
Outline Jiang et al (2009)
- P’s told more lucky numbers, then gambled riskier
- P’s didnt know they had been primed, despite it changing their behaviour
Who argued that poor awarness of cognitive primingdoesnt exist?
Doyen et al (2012)
Define panic attacks
- Sudden, overwhelming, unexpected sense of doom - activates fight or flight
- feelings of about to die, very distressing/ tiring, often without logical external trigger, temporary
- physical symptoms of anxiety lead to more anxious thoughts which repeats the cycle
- CBT teaches how to interupt this stage
Outline problems with predicting future behaviour
- We underestimate situational factors
- DOnt believe data on past behaviour
- Over influenced by image of possible future self
- Optimis bias concering personal future behaviour
Who explored the problems with predicting future behaviour?
Epley + Dunning (2000) - ‘Holier than thou’
OUtline Epley + Dunning (2000) - ‘Holier than thou’
- Daffodils
- Asked students if they would buy one, and how many, also how many would others buy?
- 86% said they would, average of 2
- predicted 56% others would, 1.6 average
- only 43% bought, average 1.2
- predictinos of others were more accurate than of self
Define affective forecasting
Predicting ones own future emotional states - how somethings going to make us feel
Define impact bias in terms of affective forcecasting
- Anticipate to never get over bad things
- anticipate that good things make us feel happy for ages
Define focalism
- Overestimating impact of an event - how much it will influence our thoughts/ feelings
Who did a study into focalism?
Gilbert et al (1998)
Outline Gilbert et al (1998)
- Sports fan estimate that wining a match leads to days of happiness, its usually just 1
Outline problems with explaining past behaviour
- We think we know reasons for behaviour, but frequently wrong
Who did a study into problems with explaining past behaviour
Nisbett + Wilson (1977)
OUtline Nisbett and wilson (1977)
Asked p’s to evaluate clothes in shopping mall and expain their choices - p’s said fashion, celeb etc
- Actually just picked up clothes on the right hand side
Who did a study in falsely interpreting internal states/
Zillman et al (1974)
