Lecture 2 - Development of self

Question 1

Define bodily self-awareness

Answer 1

Location, sensation, not of physiological rhythms. Awareness and attention to the body in the physical world, for instance cant feel hormones. Knowing where parts of your body are.

Question 2

Outline the % results of the dot test

Answer 2

18 mths - 25%
20-24 mths - 50%
30+ mths - vast majority

Question 3

Who did the dot test with animals?

Answer 3

Gallup (1970)

Question 4

OUtline Gallup (1970)

Answer 4

• Put red dot on chimps when they were under anaesthetic
• Captive monkeys passed, wild ones didnt
• Non- apes (like macaques) had no response

Question 5

Which animals can and cant past the dot test?

Answer 5

Apes, orcas, dolphins and magpies pass

Dogs, other primates, octupus, sea lions, parrots dont

Question 6

What are the criticisms of the dot test?

Answer 6

X - Inconsistent findings
X - Does self-recogntion = self-awareness
X - Does self-awareness neceassarily = intellignece, consciousness, agency
X - Mirrors arent natural objects
X - Biased to good vision/ arms
X - Does touching the mirror but not self still count?
X - Cultural differences - Broesche et al (2011) - collectivist cultures dont focus on self as much

Question 7

What are the alternative tests to the Dot test?

Answer 7

• Carpet test

- Interactions with mirrors

Question 8

Who cant do the carpet tests?

Answer 8

• younger babies - 15/16 mths - dont have a sense of self

- 18mths can do it - have a sense of self

Question 9

Outline interactions with mirrors studies

Answer 9

Dolhphins know its them cos they check their body and teeth - must have a self concept

Question 10

Define social self-awareness

Answer 10

How we see ourselves in a social environment

Question 11

Outline the 3 types of social self-awareness

Answer 11

1) Awareness of social units - how one fits into groups
2) Awarness of relations to others - Self-concious emotional responses (pride, shame, embarassment)
3) Self-other distinction - knowing we’re different to to others - see with ToM and personal pronouns

Question 12

Define ToM

Answer 12

The ability to differentiate between ones own perspective, and the understanding that these perspectives may be different and even inaccurate

Question 13

Define egocentrism

Answer 13

Young children cant distinguish between themselves and world. Cant understand that their version of events is wrong

Question 14

Define introspective self-awarness

Answer 14

To be aware that emotions and thoughts arents publicy available.

Question 15

What are the criticisms of the False Belief tasks

Answer 15

X - low ecological validity
X - No motivation in original story - Anne had no reason to move it
X - No motivation in experiment - why would kids care and want to be correct
X - Varying script - invalid

Question 16

What are the criticisms of the self-recognition tasks - using animals

Answer 16

X - Not all animas can touch a mark/ explore their body
X - Not all animals can use communication to label self
X - Animals cant always be embarassed so dont care

Question 17

Who came up with the 6 stages of self description?

Answer 17

Harter (2012)

Question 18

What are Harter (2012) 3 stages of self description during childhood

Answer 18

1) Concrete + Disparate (2-4 years)
2) Generalised + categorised (5-7)
3) Introspective awareness grows

Question 19

Outline the Concrete + Disparate (2-4 years) stage

Answer 19

• Singular unconnected facts
• Unrealisitcally positive
• Sense of abilities and descriptions
• lack perspective taking

Question 20

Outline the Generalised + categorised stage (5-7)

Answer 20

• more nuanced descriptions
• future plans
• perspective taking
• Categorise descriptions

Question 21

Outline the introsepctive awareness grows stage

Answer 21

• Includes psychological traists
• Good at somethings but not others
• better perspective taking skills

Question 22

Define Self-regulation

Answer 22

• The ability to overide impulses
• necessary to engage in planned and socially appropriate ways
• self control

Question 23

What are the 3 types of self-regulation, and define them

Answer 23

1) Bodily (bodily functions)
2) Socio-emotional (suppressing emotions - waiting for a reward)
3) Cognitive (paying attention and noticing errors)

Question 24

Who did the marshmellow test

Answer 24

Mischel et al (1989)

Question 25

What does the marshmallow test show about the future person?

Answer 25

• they will be sociall and cognitively competent, intelligent later in life

Question 26

How does self-regulation develop?

Answer 26

• 0-12 mths - Dont have much, but notice cause and effect
• 12-36 mths - notice and correct errors, can inhibit behaviour at request
• 3-6 years - plan more complex activities, control emotinos better, follow rules

Question 27

Outline down syndrom

Answer 27

• diagnosed after birth
• genetic conditoin causing delayed development and physical characterisics
• higher change of hear + thyroid problems

Question 28

Outline ASD

Answer 28

• some delay in development, extreme egocentrism, repetitive behaviours
• serious difficulty with social interaction
• Diagnosed from childhood to adulthood
• girls underdiagnosed, boys over

Question 29

Outline ADHD

Answer 29

1% girls, 4% boys

• Problems with all forms of self-regulation
• easily distracted/ bored
• cant attend/listen
• hyperactivity - fidgeting, nonstop talking, intense activity

Question 30

Outline Peterson (2013)

Answer 30

When false belief task is reorganised as a competitve game, ASD do better - now have motivation

Question 31

outline Chevalier et al (2014)

Answer 31

When a computer runs FBT - ASD and TD score similarly - no longer a social part of FBT inhibiting

Question 32

OUtline Surian et al (2006)

Answer 32

Found that most ASD failed FBT’s