Lecture 2 - Development of self Flashcards
Define bodily self-awareness
Location, sensation, not of physiological rhythms. Awareness and attention to the body in the physical world, for instance cant feel hormones. Knowing where parts of your body are.
Outline the % results of the dot test
18 mths - 25%
20-24 mths - 50%
30+ mths - vast majority
Who did the dot test with animals?
Gallup (1970)
OUtline Gallup (1970)
- Put red dot on chimps when they were under anaesthetic
- Captive monkeys passed, wild ones didnt
- Non- apes (like macaques) had no response
Which animals can and cant past the dot test?
Apes, orcas, dolphins and magpies pass
Dogs, other primates, octupus, sea lions, parrots dont
What are the criticisms of the dot test?
X - Inconsistent findings
X - Does self-recogntion = self-awareness
X - Does self-awareness neceassarily = intellignece, consciousness, agency
X - Mirrors arent natural objects
X - Biased to good vision/ arms
X - Does touching the mirror but not self still count?
X - Cultural differences - Broesche et al (2011) - collectivist cultures dont focus on self as much
What are the alternative tests to the Dot test?
- Carpet test
- Interactions with mirrors
Who cant do the carpet tests?
- younger babies - 15/16 mths - dont have a sense of self
- 18mths can do it - have a sense of self
Outline interactions with mirrors studies
Dolhphins know its them cos they check their body and teeth - must have a self concept
Define social self-awareness
How we see ourselves in a social environment
Outline the 3 types of social self-awareness
1) Awareness of social units - how one fits into groups
2) Awarness of relations to others - Self-concious emotional responses (pride, shame, embarassment)
3) Self-other distinction - knowing we’re different to to others - see with ToM and personal pronouns
Define ToM
The ability to differentiate between ones own perspective, and the understanding that these perspectives may be different and even inaccurate
Define egocentrism
Young children cant distinguish between themselves and world. Cant understand that their version of events is wrong
Define introspective self-awarness
To be aware that emotions and thoughts arents publicy available.
What are the criticisms of the False Belief tasks
X - low ecological validity
X - No motivation in original story - Anne had no reason to move it
X - No motivation in experiment - why would kids care and want to be correct
X - Varying script - invalid
What are the criticisms of the self-recognition tasks - using animals
X - Not all animas can touch a mark/ explore their body
X - Not all animals can use communication to label self
X - Animals cant always be embarassed so dont care
Who came up with the 6 stages of self description?
Harter (2012)
What are Harter (2012) 3 stages of self description during childhood
1) Concrete + Disparate (2-4 years)
2) Generalised + categorised (5-7)
3) Introspective awareness grows
Outline the Concrete + Disparate (2-4 years) stage
- Singular unconnected facts
- Unrealisitcally positive
- Sense of abilities and descriptions
- lack perspective taking
Outline the Generalised + categorised stage (5-7)
- more nuanced descriptions
- future plans
- perspective taking
- Categorise descriptions
Outline the introsepctive awareness grows stage
- Includes psychological traists
- Good at somethings but not others
- better perspective taking skills
Define Self-regulation
- The ability to overide impulses
- necessary to engage in planned and socially appropriate ways
- self control
What are the 3 types of self-regulation, and define them
1) Bodily (bodily functions)
2) Socio-emotional (suppressing emotions - waiting for a reward)
3) Cognitive (paying attention and noticing errors)
Who did the marshmellow test
Mischel et al (1989)
What does the marshmallow test show about the future person?
- they will be sociall and cognitively competent, intelligent later in life
How does self-regulation develop?
- 0-12 mths - Dont have much, but notice cause and effect
- 12-36 mths - notice and correct errors, can inhibit behaviour at request
- 3-6 years - plan more complex activities, control emotinos better, follow rules
Outline down syndrom
- diagnosed after birth
- genetic conditoin causing delayed development and physical characterisics
- higher change of hear + thyroid problems
Outline ASD
- some delay in development, extreme egocentrism, repetitive behaviours
- serious difficulty with social interaction
- Diagnosed from childhood to adulthood
- girls underdiagnosed, boys over
Outline ADHD
1% girls, 4% boys
- Problems with all forms of self-regulation
- easily distracted/ bored
- cant attend/listen
- hyperactivity - fidgeting, nonstop talking, intense activity
Outline Peterson (2013)
When false belief task is reorganised as a competitve game, ASD do better - now have motivation
outline Chevalier et al (2014)
When a computer runs FBT - ASD and TD score similarly - no longer a social part of FBT inhibiting
OUtline Surian et al (2006)
Found that most ASD failed FBT’s
