Lecture 8 - Moral development Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of morality?

A

a set of principles for action which derives from social ideas of right and wrong

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2
Q

Definition of moral reasoning?

A

cognitive processes underlying the consideration of moral rules, their basis and their conflicts (complex problems)

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3
Q

How did Piaget examine children’s moral reasoning?

A
  • using clinical interviews
    -> interviewed about games and rules
    -> posing moral dilemmas
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4
Q

Piaget’s methods?

A
  • He approached children in the playground and:
    -> asked them to teach him the rules of the game
    -> played the game with them
    -> watched them playing together
    -> asked them where the rules come from and if they could be changed
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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of moral development - Piaget?

A
  1. 0-5 years - amoral/premoral
    -> played game but didn’t understand there were rules
  2. 5-10 years - heteronomous morality/ morality realism
    -> understood rules but did not understand that they were just rules
  3. 10 years + - autonomous morality/ moral relativism
    -> understood that rules are conventional and alterable by social consent
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6
Q

Piagetian shift?

A
  • big movement when children start to understand that intentions can be separate from consequences
  • comes with understanding that rules are social agreements not inviolable truths
  • also start to understand that the principle behind the rule might matter more than the rule
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7
Q

Kohlberg’s extension of Piaget’s ideas?

A
  • claimed that cognitive development drives moral reasoning
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8
Q

Kohlberg’s level and stages - Level 1?

A
  • level 1 = pre conventional = morality of an action is determined by its consequence for the actor
  • stage 1 = heteronomous morality = obedience and punishment orientation (avoiding punishment) - a bad action is one you are punished for
  • stage 2 = individualistic, instrumental morality = self-interest orientation (what’s in it for me?)
  • most children are in these 2 stages
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9
Q

Kohlberg’s level and stages - Level 2?

A
  • level 2 = conventional = morality of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
  • stage 3 = interpersonally normative morality = interpersonal accord and conformity (appearing like a good boy)
  • stage 4 = social system morality = authority and maintaining social order
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10
Q

Kohlberg’s level and stages - Level 3?

A
  • level 3 = post conventional = morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
  • stage 5 = human right and social welfare morality = evaluating that laws are in accord with human rights and values
  • stage 6 = morality of the universalizable, reversible, prescriptive general ethical principles = universal principles (idea of having a principled conscience)
  • not all adults reach stage 5 and very few reach stage 6
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11
Q

Kohlberg and gender?

A
  • he only studied boys
  • Gilligan said that there were gender differences:
    -> men see morality in terms of justice and abstract rules
    -> women see morality in terms of compassion
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12
Q

Kohlberg and culture?

A
  • making this universal claim is a problem across cultures
  • different cultures may have differing emphasis on liberty and freedom vs obedience and community, making them appear as though they are in different stages
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13
Q

Moral intuitions - the trolley problem?

A
  • a case where a trolley is running out of control down a track where there are 5 people tied down
  • fortunately you can flip a switch which sends it down another track with just 1 person
  • the common intuition is that it is ok to flip the switch
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14
Q

Hamlin - moral core?

A
  • suggests young children have a ‘moral core’ evolved in order to facilitate cooperation
  • argues that some aspects of morality must emerge without much experience
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15
Q

Toddler morality?

A
  • young children (2-3 years) are implicitly aware of the rules of the game, even when they have not been explicitly told anything
  • 3 year olds show awareness of rules and an understanding that rules may change
  • in spontaneous peer conflict 3 yr olds are more rigid than 5 yr olds
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16
Q

Infant morality - Hamlin?

A
  • said that a moral sense which evolved to help collective action should encompass 3 abilities:
    1. moral goodness
    2. moral evaluation
    3. moral retribution
17
Q

Moral goodness?

A
  • this is feeling concern for others despite moral costs (empathy)
  • by 13-14 months we can see prosocial behaviour - designed to help someone else - such as sharing, showing, comforting a child in distress
18
Q

Moral evaluation?

A
  • the is identifying and disliking uncooperative others
  • involves analysing others behaviours
19
Q

Moral retribution?

A
  • punishing those who misbehave
  • can be seen around 5 months