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AP 3 > Lecture 8 - Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 general functions of the reproductive systems ?

A

gamete production
facilitate fertilization
sustained development of embryo and fetus

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2
Q

what are 4 main structures of the reproductive systems?

A

gonads
ducts
accessory glands
support structures

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3
Q

what are the 4 ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

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4
Q

what are the 3 accessory sex glands?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

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5
Q

what are the 2 support structures?

A

penis

scrotum

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6
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A

produce gametes (sperm) and secrete sexual hormones

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7
Q

what are the 3 functions of the duct system?

A

transport and store sperm
assist in sperm maturation
convey sperm to exterior

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8
Q

what is the function of the sex glands?

A

provide secretion to compose semen

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9
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

delivery of sperm (and annoy me)

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10
Q

what does the scrotum do?

A

contains and supports (temp regulation) testes

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11
Q

what separates the testis?

A

scrotal septum

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12
Q

what muscle plays a part in composing the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

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13
Q

what does the scrotum do in response to cold temperatures?

A

dartos muscles contracts = scrotum skin tightening and wrinkling
cremaster muscle contracts = testes moved closer to pelvis

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14
Q

what muscle is the cremaster muscle an extension of?

A

internal obliques

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15
Q

what organ do the testes originate near?

A

kidneys

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16
Q

how much does one testis weigh in an adult?

A

10-15 gr

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17
Q

where do the testes develop and than migrate to, before birth?

A

inside abdominal cavity or embryo and fetus - migrate into scrotum before birth

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18
Q

what is the gubernaculum?

A

a fibrous cord connecting the fetal gonads to the scrotum (or labia majora)

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19
Q

what hormone influences the descent of the gonads, guided by the gubernaculum?

A

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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20
Q

what canal do the testis push through to exit the abdominal cavity via progressive shortening of the gubernaculum?

A

inguinal canal

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21
Q

at what month does the descent of the testis in the fetus finish?

A

end of the 7th month of fetal life

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22
Q

what is cryptorchidism? and what can cause it?

A

a condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum - caused by a deficit in anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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23
Q

what is the ‘tunica albuginea’ and what is it made of?

A

a white fibrous capsule surrounding the testis (covers surface) composed of dense irregular connective tissue

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24
Q

where is the tunica albuginea located?

A

internal to the tunica vaginalis

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25
Q

the tunica albuginea invaginate insides the testis to form what?

A

a series of internal compartments called lobules

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26
Q

what are 3 coverings of the testis that are formed by structures in its way, as it descends through the inguinal canal?

A 
external spermatic fascia
internal spermatic fascia
tunica vaginalis (serous membrane derived from peritoneum)
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27
Q

what are the covering layers of the testis from deep to superficial?

A 
tunica albuginea of testis
tunica vaginalis (peritoneum)
internal spermatic fascia
external spermatic fascia
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28
Q

what does the tunica vaginalis secrete?

A

serous fluid

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29
Q

what is ‘hydrocele’?

A

abnormal collection of serous fluid between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

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30
Q

in the descend of the testis, what muscle do some of the fibres of the internal obliques form?

A

cremaster muscle

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31
Q

the cremaster muscle is part of the ______ cord in males and is fully functional.

A

spermatic

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32
Q

in females, the cremaster muscle is only a few fibers that adhere to the _______

A

round ligament of the uterus

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33
Q

how many lobules does the testis contrain?

A

200-300

34
Q

what does each lobule of the testis contain?

A

a single seminiferous tubule

35
Q

where are sperm generated? and by what process?

A

generated in the seminiferous tubule, by spermatogenesis

36
Q

what 2 types of cells are contained in the seminiferous tubules?

A 
spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia, dormant until puberty)
sustentacular cells/sertoli cells
37
Q

what cell supports spermatogenesis occurring in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

38
Q

spermatogenesis generates spermatozoa, which. are developed from_____

A

spermatogonia

39
Q

define ‘spermatogonia’

A

diploid cells that via successive mitosis and meiosis make spematozoa

40
Q

what is the order of sperm cells from start to end of spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules, starting with spermatogonium?

A 
spermatogonium (2n -stem cells)
primary spermatocytes (2n)
secondary spermatocytes (n)
spermatid (n)
sperm cells/spermatozoon (n)
41
Q

what is considered the final stage of spermatogenesis?

A

spermiogeneis - the maturation of spermatids into sperm (no cell division occurs)

42
Q

what does the spermatid do during spermiogenesis?

A

each spermatid breaks the cytoplasmic bridge and becomes a round, single haploid cells

43
Q

where does spermiogenesis occur?

A

withint Sertoli cells

44
Q

what are the two metamorphic changes spermatids go through during spermiogenesis?

A
  1. elongation of cell

2. cytoplasmic re-arrangement to discard “excessive baggage” (organelle and cytosol)

45
Q

what stage are sperm shaped by the sertoli cells and then enter the lumen of seminiferous tubule?

A

spermiogenesis (sperm still cant move at this stage)

46
Q

what 4 physical features appear in the spermatids during spermiogenesis?

A

spermatids elongate
acrosome forms atop nucleus
flagellum develop
mitochondria develop

47
Q

where are spermatids located by the end of spermiogenesis?

A

close to lumen of seminiferous tubule, just hanging from epithelium

48
Q

spermatid transform into what, at the end of spermiogenesis?

A

spermatozoa - immobile

49
Q

what is spermiation?

A

when spermatozoa are released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

50
Q

what happens to sperm after 14 days in the epididymis?

A

sperm finalize maturation and acquire ability to move

51
Q

what are the two portions of the sperm?

A

head

tail

52
Q

what is contained in the head of the sperm?

A

nucleus with 23 chromosomes and acrosome filled with enzymes (hyaluronidase and proteases)

53
Q

what are the components that make up the tail of the sperm?

A

neck (centrioles)
middle piece (mitochondria)
principal piece (longest)
end piece

54
Q

what are 4 external factors that can interfere with spermatogenesis?

A

malnutrition
alcoholism
cadmium salts
some drugs

55
Q

what product attacks spermatids?

A

cottonseed oil

56
Q

what 2 external factors can diminish spermatogenesis?

A

x-ray radiation

temps 37 degrees or higher

57
Q

at puberty, the hypothalamus increases secretion of what hormone?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

58
Q

what does GnRH do?

A

stimulates they hypophysis (ANTERIOR pituitary) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

59
Q

what does LH do?

A

stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig’s cells) in the testis to secrete testosterone

60
Q

what is testosterone converted into?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

61
Q

what does testosterone inhibit?

A

secretion of LH by negative feedback

62
Q

FSH and testosterone act on the Sertoli cells to accomplish what?

A

the sertoli cells secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)

63
Q

what does the binding of ABP with testosterone result in?

A

keeps testosterone concentration high to stimulate last steps of spermatogenesis

64
Q

what do Sertoli cells secrete once achieved level of spermatogenesis occur?

A

inhibin to inhibit secretion of FSH

65
Q

what are the two androgen hormones?

A

testosterone

DHT

66
Q

when the androgen homones bind together on the same receptor what 3 effects do they produce?

A
  1. development of male sexual characteristics (puberty)
  2. development of sexual behaviour
  3. stimulation of anabolism (protein synthesis)
67
Q

what are the secondary male characteristics?

A 
MSK growth
male hair patterns
increase oil gland secretion
enlarged larynx 
(no direct role in reproductive function)
68
Q

what are the 4 main ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

69
Q

sperm and fluid from the seminiferous tubules flow in order through which 4 ducts of the testis?

A

straight tubules
rete testis (network of tubules)
efferent ducts
ductus epididymis

70
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

coma-shaped organ lying along the posterior border of the testis - consists of very coiled ductus epididymis (20 ft)

71
Q

where does the efferent duct from the testis join the ductus epididymis?

A

at the larger, superior portion of the epididymis called the “head”

72
Q

what part of the epididymis are the body and tail located?

A 
body = narrow mid portion 
tail= distal end and continues as the ductus (vas) deferens
73
Q

how long may viable sperm be stored in the epididymis for?

A

several months (non ejaculated sperm are reabsorbed)

74
Q

what is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

uncoiled end of the ductus epididymis with an increased diameter

75
Q

the ductus deferens ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis through the _____ and enters into the _____ after passing through the _______

A

spermatic cord,
pelvic cavity,
inguinal canal

76
Q

what structure does the ductus deferens loop over?

A

the ureters and down posterior of the bladder

77
Q

what is the dilated, terminal portion of the ductus deferens called?

A

ampulla of the vas deferens (conveys sperm towards urethra and can store viable ones for several months)

78
Q

what are ejaculatory ducts formed by?

A

the union of the end portion of the ampulla of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle

79
Q

what structure does the ejaculatory ducts pass through?

A

prostate gland (terminate in prostatic urethra)

80
Q

what does the ejaculatory ducts do?

A

ejects sperm and secretion of the seminal vesicles just before ejaculation

AP 3 (11 decks)

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