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AP 3 > Class 6 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Class 6 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to…

A

defend itself against specific invading agents called antigens (Ags)

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2
Q

what are two main properties of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. specificity (distinguishing self from NON-self)

2. immunological memory

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3
Q

what is self in terms of adaptive immunity?

A

the body’s own constituents

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4
Q

what is considered ‘non-self’ in terms of adaptive immunity?

A

foreign cells and tissues (altered self)

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5
Q

adaptive immunity involves what 2 main types of lymphocytes…

A

T lymphocytes (inside)

B lymphocytes (outside)

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6
Q

both B&T cells originate in the _____ and the _____ of the embryo

A

bone marrow

thymus gland

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7
Q

Where do B cells complete their maturation?

A

bone marrow - continues throughout life

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8
Q

Where do T cells develop from?

A

the pre-T cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the Thymus, where they mature

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9
Q

most T cells arise before puberty, but…

A

the continue to mature and leave the thymus throughout life

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10
Q

define ‘immunocompetence’

A

capability for the immune response

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11
Q

where do T cells develop their immunocompetence?

A

the thymus gland

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12
Q

where do B cells develop their immunocompetence?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

The two major types of T cells that exit the thymus gland to search for antigens are…

A
  1. Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)

2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)

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14
Q

In the bone marrow, the B cells ____ or ____ to the ____ tissues, but they won’t exit their location to search for the antigens.

A

stay
migrate
lymphatic

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15
Q

What are two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. cell-mediated immunity (cells attacking cells- cytotoxic T cells attack invading antigens)
  2. antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity- B cells differentiate into plasma cells)
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16
Q

B cells differentiate into _______ which secrete _____

A

plasma cells which secrete antibodies (Abs)

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17
Q

Both T and B cells work together to…

A

eliminate the antigens from the body

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18
Q

Helper t cells aid in what 2 reponses?

A

cell-mediated and anti-body mediated immunity

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19
Q

What is the name of the process that the body uses to respond to being outnumbered by attacking antigens?

A

clonal selection

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20
Q

What does clonal selection do when the body is being attacked by anitgens?

A

on each cellular encounter, the cells clone themselves, which increases the amount of specific cells able to respond to that specific antigen.

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21
Q

Where does clonal selection occur?

A

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues - lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

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22
Q

Name the 2 major clone cells

A

effector cells and memory cells

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23
Q

what do effector cells do?

A

carry out the responses to destroy the antigens

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24
Q

name 3 kinds of effector cells

A

active helper T cells
active cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells

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25
Q

memory cells do not participate actively in the initial immune response, but instead they participate in…..

A

actively in a second response to the antigen

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26
Q

what do memory cells proliferate into?

A

more effector and memory cells

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27
Q

most memory cells do not die at the end of the immune response, including what 3 types of cells?

A

memory helper T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, memory B cells

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28
Q

usually, the trigger for the immune response are only some small part of the antigen called____

A

epitopes

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29
Q

What is an antigens overall role when it comes to immune responses?

A

they provoke an immune response (immunogenicity) and react specifically with the antibodies/cells they provoked (reactivity)

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30
Q

Most antigens have several epitopes which can induce the production of….

A

different antibodies (paratopes) or activating different T cells against them

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31
Q

most often, antigens are large complex proteins, however there are also ‘haptens’ which are small substances that can only be antigenic when….

A

attached to larger molecules

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32
Q

‘hapten-stimulated responses’ cause what kind of reactions?

A

allergic rxns to drugs, ex. penicillin

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33
Q

what do major histocompatibility complex (MCH) antigens help T cells do?

A

help T cells recognize foreign antigens (non-self)

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34
Q

how do B cells respond when they recognize ‘non-self’ antigens?

A

b cells bind to antigens in the lymph, interstitial fluid and plasma

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35
Q

how do T cells respond when they recognize ‘non-self’ antigens?

A

t cells can only recognize epitopes of antigenic proteins (processed and presented in a certain way by other cells in the body)

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36
Q

bacteria, toxins, parasites, viruses and pollen are all examples of what?

A

exogenous antigens - foreign antigens outside the cell

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37
Q

what are exogenous antigens ingested, processed and presented to the t-cell by?

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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38
Q

antigen-presenting cells ingest and process foreign antigens with what?

A

different MHC molecules

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39
Q

where do antigen presenting cells do their antigen presentation?

A

on their plasma membrane for T cell recognition

40
Q

during an adaptive immune response, where and what do t cells do when they recognize the antigen?

A

APCs migrate to the lymphatic tissue to present the antigen to the t cell

t cells recognize the antigen, bind to epitopes of it and trigger the adaptive immune response

41
Q

what 2 things secrete cytokines (small peptide hormones)?

A
  1. lymphoctyes

2. antigen-presenting cells

42
Q

what are 3 major roles of cytokines?

A
  1. STIMULATE proliferation of progenitor cells in bone marrow
  2. INHIBIT normal cell growth and differentiation function
  3. REGULATE innate defences or adaptive immunity responses
43
Q

about what fraction of lymphocytes are T cells?

A

2/3 (most are inactive)

44
Q

what two events need to happen, at the same time, in order for a T cell to be activated

A
  1. bind to foreign antigen

2. receive a second signal = ‘co-stimulation’

45
Q

What two components need to interact for the generation of the activated helper t cell?

A
  1. inactive helper t cell

2. the antigen presenting cells with the specific antigen

46
Q

activated helper t cells clone and start secreting a variety of ____ to activate other _____

A

cytokines

T&B cells

47
Q

define ‘co-stimulation’

A

the activation and clonal selection of helper t cells (CD4 T cells)

48
Q

cytotoxic t cells are also called…

A

CD 8 T cells

49
Q

Cytotoxic T cells can be effective against, what 3 things?

A
  1. cells infected with microbes
  2. some tumour cells
  3. cells of tissue transplant
50
Q

name 3 cytotoxic t-cells

A

granzymes, granulysin, perforin

51
Q

name the immune response capable of destroying tumor antigens?

A

immunological surveillance

52
Q

immunological surveillance is carried out by what 3 cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages

53
Q

cell-mediated immunity involves what cells?

A

t cells

54
Q

anti-body mediated immunity involves what cells?

A

b cells - stay in lymphatic tissues

55
Q

what happens when a b cell encounters a specific antigen and the b cell becomes activated and clones….

A

clonal selection makes the plasma cells aka effector cells and the memory cells

56
Q

what do plasma (effector) cells secrete after exposure to an antigen/co-stimulation of the helper T cell and for how long?

A

antibodies, a few days after exposure

57
Q

what do antibodies bind to, and what do they form?

A

specific antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

58
Q

antibodies are also known as?

A

immunoglobulins

59
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG (80%)
IgA (10-15%)
IgM (5-10%)
IgD (.2%)
IgE (.1%)
60
Q

where are IgG present?

A

cross the placenta before birth

61
Q

where are IgA present?

A

breast milk, sweat, tears

62
Q

where are IgM present?

A

secreted after first exposure

63
Q

where are IgD present?

A

involved in B cell activation

64
Q

where are IgE present?

A

allergic reactions

65
Q

What are 5 actions antibodies carry out by forming antigen-antibody complexes?

A
  1. neutralize antigen
  2. immobilize bacteria
  3. enhance phagocytosis
  4. agglutinating and precipitating antigens
  5. active complement system
66
Q

where are the proteins of the complement system produced?

A

liver

67
Q

where are proteins of the complement system found?

A

plasma and within tissues all over body

68
Q

what 3 methods do the proteins of the complement system cause that destroys microbes?

A

phagocytosis (opsonization),
cytolysis,
inflammation

69
Q

Immunological memory is due to what two things?

A

presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes (immune response becomes much quicker in subsequent exposures)

70
Q

What 3 events occur less optimally in a primary immune response after first exposure?

A

no antibodies for several days
slow rise of antibodies - IgM first, then IgG
gradual decline of Ab’s

71
Q

what cell may remain for decades and proliferate very quickly after encountering a specific antigen?

A

memory B cells

72
Q

how does naturally acquired active immunity occur?

A

direct exposure to the pathogen, development of a disease, recovery then acquire immunity

73
Q

how does artificially acquired active immunity occur?

A

receive a vaccine

74
Q

how does naturally acquired passive immunity occur?

A

IgG pass from mom to fetus via placenta

75
Q

how does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?

A

IV of antibodies

76
Q

what 2 traits must a t cell to function?

A
  1. self recognition

2. self-tolerance

77
Q

self-recognition of a t cell….

A

recognizing own MHC proteins

78
Q

self- tolerance of a t cell…

A

lack of reactivity to own proteins

79
Q

what does loss of self-tolerance lead to?

A

autoimmune disease

80
Q

the development of self-recognition in t cells occurs where?

A

thymus gland of fetus

81
Q

what happens during positive selection process first with t cells during development of self-recognition?

A

only t cells capable of recognizing the self (MHC proteins) survive

82
Q

what happens during negative selection process second with t cells during development of self-recognition?

A

t cells that do not react to self (MHC proteins) survive (reactive ones=inactived/anergy or die/apoptosis)

83
Q

during the development of self-tolerance in T cells, they emerge from the thymus and migrate to the lymphatic tissue of an adult where the….

A

mature T cells are able to recognize antigen with co-stimulation proliferation –> T cells able to recognized antigen WITHOUT co-stimulation are inactivated (anergy) or die (deletion)

84
Q

development of self-recognition and self-tolerance for B cells occur where?

A

both occur in BONE marrow

85
Q

What b cells survive the development of self-recognition/tolerance?

A

b cells that DO NOT recognize self (MHC proteins)

86
Q

What happens to b cells that are released into the plasma after the bone marrow?

A

b cells the recognize antigen with co-stimulation PROLIFERATE AND DIFFERENTIATE into plasma cells (those without co-stimulation are inactivated)

87
Q

what is required for survival of T cells during NEGATIVE selection?

A

t cells must be able to recognize self- MHC proteins but NOT self- peptides

88
Q

what is required for survival of B cells during NEGATIVE selection?

A

mature b cells recognizes antigen at first signal and then co stimulation occurs as a second signal and b cells are activated so they proliferate and differentiate into clone of plasma cells

89
Q

what happens to b cells if there is no co stimulation after the negative selection process?

A

there is inactivation of the B cells in secondary lymphatic tissues and blood!

90
Q

T cells undergo positive selection to ensure…

A

self-MCH protein recognition

91
Q

t cells undergo NEGATIVE selection to ensure…

A

they do not react to self-proteins

92
Q

negative selection involves what 2 processes?

A

deletion and/or anergy

93
Q

b cells undergo negative selection to ensure…

A

they do not react to self-proteins

94
Q

b cells develop tolerance through…

A

deletion and anergy

95
Q

what is autoimmunity….

A

immune system failing to display SELF-TOLERANCE (females 2x more likely)

96
Q

self-tolerance breaks down under the influence of unknown environmental triggers or certain genes, which leads to..

A

the reactivation of SELF-REACTIVE CLONES of B and T cells

97
Q

define ‘autoantibodies’

A

antibodies that bind to and stim OR block self-antigens (older individuals will produce more autoantibodies)

AP 3 (11 decks)

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