Lecture 8 Key Summary Points

Question 1

When ATP level is high. What will happen to citrate? Explain in terms of citrate’s cellular location and what it will convert to.

Answer 1

Citrate will be be transported from mitochondrion to cytoplasm, where it is converted to acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

Question 2

True or False? Lorenzo’s oil is used to stop fatty acid degradation.

Answer 2

False, it stops biosynthesis

Question 3

True or False? Both fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis use NADH as the electron carrier.

Answer 3

False, Biosynthesis uses NADPH

Question 4

Give the name of the enzyme that produces FADH2 during fatty acid beta oxidation. In one sentence explain why it does not produce NADH.

Answer 4

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACDH) because FAD is needed to oxidize the C-C to C C double bond.

Question 5

Give the name of the vitamin that acetyl CoA carboxylase uses as its cofactor.

Answer 5

Biotin

Question 6

What is the garbage label? (for protein degradation)

Answer 6

Ubiquitin

Question 7

How many labels are there for ubiquitin?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

What is the garbage disposal?

Answer 8

Proteosome

Question 9

What is the purpose of amino transferase?

Answer 9

Transfer unwanted ammonia to alpha ketoglutarate

Question 10

What is the end product?

Answer 10

L-Glutamate

Question 11

How many N’s does L-Glutamate carry?

Answer 11

1 Nitrogen

Question 12

What is the name of the enzyme in step 2 glutamine

Answer 12

Glutamine Synthetase

Question 13

How many ATP are spent?

Answer 13

1 ATP

Question 14

How many N’s does Glutamine carry?

Answer 14

2 N’s

Question 15

What are the 2 enzymes that will liberate N from glutamine in the liver?

Answer 15

Glutaminase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Question 16

How do you get glucose when starving?

Answer 16

Dissolve muscle protein

Question 17

What is the key enzyme involved in both the muscle and liver?

Answer 17

Alanine Amino Transferase

Question 18

What happens in the Cori Cycle?

Answer 18

Lactate is transported through blood.

Question 19

What happens in the glucose alanine cycle?

Answer 19

Alanine is transported

Question 20

what enzymes and receptors are activated when someone has COVID-19?

Answer 20

Covid binds to the ACE receptor which regulates blood pressure. Alanine amino transferase is activated by the coronavirus to facilitate the glucose alanine cycle so that the virus can turn all our muscle protein into glucose, elevating the level of glycolysis to get energy for transcription.

Question 21

Which cycle is activated during covid?

Answer 21

Glucose alanine cycle

Question 22

What is the enzyme that makes citruline?

Answer 22

OTC

Question 23

How many N does citruline have?

Answer 23

3

Question 24

How many N does Argentine succinate contain?

Answer 24

4 in cytoplasm

Question 25

How much ATP is consumed ion arginosucinate formation?

Answer 25

1 ATP

Question 26

What's the name of the enzyme that forms Argentine succinate?

Answer 26

Argentine Succinate Synthetase because of ATP hydrolysis

Question 27

Where does the 4th N come from?

Answer 27

Aspartic Acid

Question 28

What are the 2 molecules in the urea cycle that contain 4 Nitrogens?

Answer 28

Arganine Succinate | Arganine

Question 29

What are the 2 molecules that contain 2 N in the urea cycle?

Answer 29

Ornithine and urea

Question 30

Which 2 molecules are present in both mitochondria and cytoplasm?

Answer 30

Orthinine (2 N) | Citruline (3 N)

Question 31

What is the cellular location of the urea cycle?

Answer 31

Mixed

Question 32

What connects the urea cycle with the TCA cycle?

Answer 32

The shunt

Question 33

Alanine with a 3 C skeleton will become what after transferring Nitrogen?

Answer 33

Pyruvate

Question 34

Glutamate, Glutamine, Histidine, Proline, Argentine, a 5 C skeleton after transferring N away will become what?

Answer 34

Alpha keto glutarate

Question 35

Which enzyme is defective in patients with maple syrup urine disease?

Answer 35

BCKDH

Question 36

What is defective in the albino penguin Snowflake ?

Answer 36

Tyrosinase

Question 37

Which enzyme did the baby have that was defective in the false murder case?

Answer 37

The baby has Methylmalonic Acidemia: defective in MM CoA Mutase. Accumulation of mehtylmalonyl-CoA, a falsely identified as a poison.