Lecture 8: Fruit Anatomy and Function Flashcards
What is the function of a fruit?
Protect seeds
Prevent seeds from dehydrating
Disperse the seeds
Provide food for the seedling
What is the pericarp made of?
Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
What is the seed made of?
Seed coat, embryo, endosperm
What the the 3 ways fruits are produced?
Fertilization
Parthenocarpy
Apomixis
What is parthenocarpy?
Development of fruit without fertilization without the production of seeds
What is apomixis?
Development of fruit without fertilization but with production of seeds
What are the two categories of fruits?
Simple and compound fruits
What are the two categories of simple fruits?
Fleshy fruit and dry fruit
What are the five categories of fleshy fruits?
Berry
Hesperidium
Pepos
Drupe
Pomes
What are the two categories of dry fruit?
Indehiscent
Dehiscent
What are the 4 categories of indehiscent fruits?
Achene
Nut
Samara
Schizocarp
What are the 4 categories of dehiscent fruit?
Legume
Follicle
Capsule
Silique
What are simple fleshy fruits?
Soft, succulent and fleshy fruits that have juice to prevent dehydration of seeds as they develop.
Explain how simple fleshy fruits play a roll in seed dispersal.
Animal feed on fruit and eats seeds too, and eventually poops it out somewhere else
What are berries?
They have a fleshy pericarp.
What are some examples of berries?
Tomatoes, grapes, blueberries, eggplants
What are hesperidiums?
Fruits with leathery exocarps and mesocarps with juicy and partitioned endocarps
Give examples of hesperidiums.
Oranges, grapefruits, limes, lemons
What are pepos?
Thick hard exocarps with fleshy matrix inside with seeds.
Give examples of pepos.
Watermelon, squash, cantaloupe
What are drupes?
Stony endocarps (usually with one seed), a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin exocarp
Give examples of drupes.
Cherries, plums, peaches
What are pomes?
Consists of pericarps and fleshy bases of the perianth. The hypanthium is the part that we eat, the core is the ovary.
Give examples of pomes.
Apples, pears
What are simple dry fruits?
Do not contain as much juice as other fleshy fruits but still play a role in avoiding seed hydration.
What are indehiscent fruits?
Fruits that do not split open when ripened usually containing one or two seeds
What are achenes?
One seeded fruit where the seed is only attached to the fruit at one location.
Give examples of achenes.
Sunflower fruit, buckwheat fruit
What is a samara?
Wing like appendage that develops from the pericarp.
Give examples of samara.
Maple samara, ash samara, elm samara
What is a nut?
One seeded fruit with a very hard pericarp
Give examples of nuts.
Fruits of pecans and oaks
What is a schizocarp?
Fruit that separates when ripe into two or more one seeded mericarps
Give examples of schizocarps.
Fruit of carrot, dill, parsley
What are dehiscent fruits?
Fruits that split open at maturity
What is a legume?
One carpel that splits open along two lines when ripened
Give examples of legumes.
Beans, peas, honeylocust fruit
What is a follicle fruit?
One carpel that splits open along one line when ripened
Give examples of follicle fruit.
Milkweed fruit and spirea fruit
What is a capsule?
Contains more than one carpel and splits open along more than two sutures when ripened.
Give examples of capsules
Poppy, okra, azalea
What is a silique?
Two carpels that separate when ripened with a thin partition or septum found in between the two carpels
Give examples of silique fruit.
Fruits of the mustard family
What is a compound fruit
Formed from flowers with several ovaries or from multiple flowers
What are the two different categories of compound fruits?
Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruits
What is an aggregate fruit?
Produced from many ovaries in one flower with the tiny fruitlets connected to one receptacle.
Give examples of aggregate fruits.
Raspberries and blackberries are drupe aggregates.
Strawberries are achene aggregates.
What is a multiple fruit?
Derived from several flowers that eventually fuse into one mass during ripening
Give an example of multiple fruit.
Pineapples
