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Botany and Soils > Lecture 8: Fruit Anatomy and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Fruit Anatomy and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a fruit?

A

Protect seeds
Prevent seeds from dehydrating
Disperse the seeds
Provide food for the seedling

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2
Q

What is the pericarp made of?

A

Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

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3
Q

What is the seed made of?

A

Seed coat, embryo, endosperm

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4
Q

What the the 3 ways fruits are produced?

A

Fertilization
Parthenocarpy
Apomixis

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5
Q

What is parthenocarpy?

A

Development of fruit without fertilization without the production of seeds

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6
Q

What is apomixis?

A

Development of fruit without fertilization but with production of seeds

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7
Q

What are the two categories of fruits?

A

Simple and compound fruits

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8
Q

What are the two categories of simple fruits?

A

Fleshy fruit and dry fruit

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9
Q

What are the five categories of fleshy fruits?

A

Berry
Hesperidium
Pepos
Drupe
Pomes

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10
Q

What are the two categories of dry fruit?

A

Indehiscent
Dehiscent

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11
Q

What are the 4 categories of indehiscent fruits?

A

Achene
Nut
Samara
Schizocarp

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12
Q

What are the 4 categories of dehiscent fruit?

A

Legume
Follicle
Capsule
Silique

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13
Q

What are simple fleshy fruits?

A

Soft, succulent and fleshy fruits that have juice to prevent dehydration of seeds as they develop.

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14
Q

Explain how simple fleshy fruits play a roll in seed dispersal.

A

Animal feed on fruit and eats seeds too, and eventually poops it out somewhere else

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15
Q

What are berries?

A

They have a fleshy pericarp.

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16
Q

What are some examples of berries?

A

Tomatoes, grapes, blueberries, eggplants

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17
Q

What are hesperidiums?

A

Fruits with leathery exocarps and mesocarps with juicy and partitioned endocarps

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18
Q

Give examples of hesperidiums.

A

Oranges, grapefruits, limes, lemons

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19
Q

What are pepos?

A

Thick hard exocarps with fleshy matrix inside with seeds.

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20
Q

Give examples of pepos.

A

Watermelon, squash, cantaloupe

21
Q

What are drupes?

A

Stony endocarps (usually with one seed), a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin exocarp

22
Q

Give examples of drupes.

A

Cherries, plums, peaches

23
Q

What are pomes?

A

Consists of pericarps and fleshy bases of the perianth. The hypanthium is the part that we eat, the core is the ovary.

24
Q

Give examples of pomes.

A

Apples, pears

25
Q

What are simple dry fruits?

A

Do not contain as much juice as other fleshy fruits but still play a role in avoiding seed hydration.

26
Q

What are indehiscent fruits?

A

Fruits that do not split open when ripened usually containing one or two seeds

27
Q

What are achenes?

A

One seeded fruit where the seed is only attached to the fruit at one location.

28
Q

Give examples of achenes.

A

Sunflower fruit, buckwheat fruit

29
Q

What is a samara?

A

Wing like appendage that develops from the pericarp.

30
Q

Give examples of samara.

A

Maple samara, ash samara, elm samara

31
Q

What is a nut?

A

One seeded fruit with a very hard pericarp

32
Q

Give examples of nuts.

A

Fruits of pecans and oaks

33
Q

What is a schizocarp?

A

Fruit that separates when ripe into two or more one seeded mericarps

34
Q

Give examples of schizocarps.

A

Fruit of carrot, dill, parsley

35
Q

What are dehiscent fruits?

A

Fruits that split open at maturity

36
Q

What is a legume?

A

One carpel that splits open along two lines when ripened

37
Q

Give examples of legumes.

A

Beans, peas, honeylocust fruit

38
Q

What is a follicle fruit?

A

One carpel that splits open along one line when ripened

39
Q

Give examples of follicle fruit.

A

Milkweed fruit and spirea fruit

40
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Contains more than one carpel and splits open along more than two sutures when ripened.

41
Q

Give examples of capsules

A

Poppy, okra, azalea

42
Q

What is a silique?

A

Two carpels that separate when ripened with a thin partition or septum found in between the two carpels

43
Q

Give examples of silique fruit.

A

Fruits of the mustard family

44
Q

What is a compound fruit

A

Formed from flowers with several ovaries or from multiple flowers

45
Q

What are the two different categories of compound fruits?

A

Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruits

46
Q

What is an aggregate fruit?

A

Produced from many ovaries in one flower with the tiny fruitlets connected to one receptacle.

47
Q

Give examples of aggregate fruits.

A

Raspberries and blackberries are drupe aggregates.

Strawberries are achene aggregates.

48
Q

What is a multiple fruit?

A

Derived from several flowers that eventually fuse into one mass during ripening

49
Q

Give an example of multiple fruit.

A

Pineapples

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