Lecture 8: Fruit Anatomy and Function

Question 1

What is the function of a fruit?

Answer 1

Protect seeds
Prevent seeds from dehydrating
Disperse the seeds
Provide food for the seedling

Question 2

What is the pericarp made of?

Answer 2

Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

Question 3

What is the seed made of?

Answer 3

Seed coat, embryo, endosperm

Question 4

What the the 3 ways fruits are produced?

Answer 4

Fertilization
Parthenocarpy
Apomixis

Question 5

What is parthenocarpy?

Answer 5

Development of fruit without fertilization without the production of seeds

Question 6

What is apomixis?

Answer 6

Development of fruit without fertilization but with production of seeds

Question 7

What are the two categories of fruits?

Answer 7

Simple and compound fruits

Question 8

What are the two categories of simple fruits?

Answer 8

Fleshy fruit and dry fruit

Question 9

What are the five categories of fleshy fruits?

Answer 9

Berry
Hesperidium
Pepos
Drupe
Pomes

Question 10

What are the two categories of dry fruit?

Answer 10

Indehiscent
Dehiscent

Question 11

What are the 4 categories of indehiscent fruits?

Answer 11

Achene
Nut
Samara
Schizocarp

Question 12

What are the 4 categories of dehiscent fruit?

Answer 12

Legume
Follicle
Capsule
Silique

Question 13

What are simple fleshy fruits?

Answer 13

Soft, succulent and fleshy fruits that have juice to prevent dehydration of seeds as they develop.

Question 14

Explain how simple fleshy fruits play a roll in seed dispersal.

Answer 14

Animal feed on fruit and eats seeds too, and eventually poops it out somewhere else

Question 15

What are berries?

Answer 15

They have a fleshy pericarp.

Question 16

What are some examples of berries?

Answer 16

Tomatoes, grapes, blueberries, eggplants

Question 17

What are hesperidiums?

Answer 17

Fruits with leathery exocarps and mesocarps with juicy and partitioned endocarps

Question 18

Give examples of hesperidiums.

Answer 18

Oranges, grapefruits, limes, lemons

Question 19

What are pepos?

Answer 19

Thick hard exocarps with fleshy matrix inside with seeds.

Question 20

Give examples of pepos.

Answer 20

Watermelon, squash, cantaloupe

Question 21

What are drupes?

Answer 21

Stony endocarps (usually with one seed), a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin exocarp

Question 22

Give examples of drupes.

Answer 22

Cherries, plums, peaches

Question 23

What are pomes?

Answer 23

Consists of pericarps and fleshy bases of the perianth. The hypanthium is the part that we eat, the core is the ovary.

Question 24

Give examples of pomes.

Answer 24

Apples, pears

Question 25

What are simple dry fruits?

Answer 25

Do not contain as much juice as other fleshy fruits but still play a role in avoiding seed hydration.

Question 26

What are indehiscent fruits?

Answer 26

Fruits that do not split open when ripened usually containing one or two seeds

Question 27

What are achenes?

Answer 27

One seeded fruit where the seed is only attached to the fruit at one location.

Question 28

Give examples of achenes.

Answer 28

Sunflower fruit, buckwheat fruit

Question 29

What is a samara?

Answer 29

Wing like appendage that develops from the pericarp.

Question 30

Give examples of samara.

Answer 30

Maple samara, ash samara, elm samara

Question 31

What is a nut?

Answer 31

One seeded fruit with a very hard pericarp

Question 32

Give examples of nuts.

Answer 32

Fruits of pecans and oaks

Question 33

What is a schizocarp?

Answer 33

Fruit that separates when ripe into two or more one seeded mericarps

Question 34

Give examples of schizocarps.

Answer 34

Fruit of carrot, dill, parsley

Question 35

What are dehiscent fruits?

Answer 35

Fruits that split open at maturity

Question 36

What is a legume?

Answer 36

One carpel that splits open along two lines when ripened

Question 37

Give examples of legumes.

Answer 37

Beans, peas, honeylocust fruit

Question 38

What is a follicle fruit?

Answer 38

One carpel that splits open along one line when ripened

Question 39

Give examples of follicle fruit.

Answer 39

Milkweed fruit and spirea fruit

Question 40

What is a capsule?

Answer 40

Contains more than one carpel and splits open along more than two sutures when ripened.

Question 41

Give examples of capsules

Answer 41

Poppy, okra, azalea

Question 42

What is a silique?

Answer 42

Two carpels that separate when ripened with a thin partition or septum found in between the two carpels

Question 43

Give examples of silique fruit.

Answer 43

Fruits of the mustard family

Question 44

What is a compound fruit

Answer 44

Formed from flowers with several ovaries or from multiple flowers

Question 45

What are the two different categories of compound fruits?

Answer 45

Aggregate fruit Multiple fruits

Question 46

What is an aggregate fruit?

Answer 46

Produced from many ovaries in one flower with the tiny fruitlets connected to one receptacle.

Question 47

Give examples of aggregate fruits.

Answer 47

Raspberries and blackberries are drupe aggregates. Strawberries are achene aggregates.

Question 48

What is a multiple fruit?

Answer 48

Derived from several flowers that eventually fuse into one mass during ripening

Question 49

Give an example of multiple fruit.

Answer 49

Pineapples