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Botany and Soils > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

A modified stem or leaf that is used to climb a support structure is known as a ________.

A

Tendril

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2
Q

What is the name of the root type that has several thin roots branching out in many directions?

A

Fibrous roots

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3
Q

What is the name of the highly compressed underground stem with food storage leaves?

A

Bulb

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4
Q

What is the name of the region found in the center of some stems and made up of loosely packed, thin walled cells?

A

Pith

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5
Q

What is the purpose of roots hairs?

A

Allow the plant to absorb more water and nutrients

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6
Q

Softwoods tend to…

A. Have high density wood
B. Be conifers
C. Grow slowly
D. Be deciduous
E. None of the above

A

B. Be conifers

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7
Q

What leaf arrangement do pine trees typically have?

A

Fascicled

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8
Q

A __________ completes its life cycle in two growing seasons with flowering and seed production taking place in the second season,

A

Biennial

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9
Q

In __________, a hormone produced in the apical bud prevents the growth of axillary buds.

A

Apical dominance

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10
Q

The ________ is the mark found on the stem after the leaf has fallen.

A

Leaf scar

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11
Q

__________ is a word that describes plants that lose all its leaves in the fall or winter.

A

Deciduous

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12
Q

A plant that does not produce wood is known as a ______.

A

Herb

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13
Q

Draw a leaf that has pinnate venation.

A

Draw on paper.

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14
Q

Draw a leaf structure and include the petiole, internode, and blade.

A

Draw on paper

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15
Q

Draw a pinnately compound leaf.

A

Draw on paper

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16
Q

Draw a palmately compound leaf.

A

Draw on paper

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17
Q

What is the difference between a thorn and a prickle?

A

Prickle: Easily removed growth from the epidermis

Thorn: Modified growth that is a stem that is not easily removed

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18
Q

Give three differences between monocots and dicots.

A

Monocot:
- Petals in 3
- Single cotyledon
- Vascular bundle in a ring

Dicot:
- Petals in 4 or 5
- Two cotyledons
- Vascular bundle scattered

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19
Q

What are two functions of the root system.

A

Provides food storage
Assists with dispersal of water and nutrients

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20
Q

Give two differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

A

Angiosperm:
- Seeds enclosed in fruit
- Usually deciduous

Gymnosperms:
- Naked seed
- Usually evergreen

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21
Q

Define botany.

A

The study of plants and how they interact in the world

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22
Q

The “trap” in the Venus fly trap is a modified _____.

A

Leaf

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23
Q

Draw a lanceolate leaf.

A

Draw on paper.

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24
Q

What is the name of the organelle that produces energy?

A

Mitochondrion

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25
Q

What is the name of the meristem found in monocots near leaf bases.

A

Intercalary meristem

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26
Q

What is the name of the tissue that consists of dead cells with thick walls, and provides strength and support for the plant?

A

Sclerenchyma

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27
Q

What are the two cells that make up xylem tissue?

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

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28
Q

What is the name of the system that consists of elongated parenchyma cells that are closely packed and conduct photosynthesis.

A

Palisade mesophyll

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29
Q

Sketch a cross section of a herbaceous dicot stem.

Include the bundle cap, cortex, vascular cambium, phloem, epidermis, pith, and xylem.

A

Draw on paper

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30
Q

The _______ is the part of the root where the cells become specialized.

A

Zone of maturation

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31
Q

The two types of permanent tissues are _______ and _______.

A

Simple tissue and complex tissue

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32
Q

The ______ is the waxy barrier found on the endodermis that forces water to pass through the cells of the endodermis instead of between them.

A

Casparian strip

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33
Q

The _______ is a simple tissue of cells on the outside that protects the plant.

A

Epidermis

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34
Q

Meristems that produce _________ growth increase the length of the plant or plant part.

A

Primary

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35
Q

Draw the cell and label the primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, nucleus, cell/plasma membrane, chloroplast, vacuole.

A

Draw on paper

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36
Q

What is the function of the pericycle?

A

Lateral meristem responsible for producing lateral roots

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37
Q

What tissues does the vascular cambium produce?

A

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

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38
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant

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39
Q

List the components that make up bark.

A

Phloem, cortex, cork cambium, cork

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40
Q

Define plant tissue.

A

Collection of cells made of similar structure participating in a similar function.

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41
Q

Define ecosystem.

A

Geographic area with biotic species and abiotic elements such as weather or landscape features.

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42
Q

Give two adaptations of plants growing in the tundra.

A

Grows in clumps
Dark in colour

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43
Q

The organelle responsible for conducting photosynthesis is known as the _________.

A

Chloroplast

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44
Q

What pigment is responsible for absorbing light during photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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45
Q

The products of photosynthesis are _______ and ________.

A

Glucose and oxygen

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46
Q

True or false. Capillary action is the main driving force pulling water up the plant.

A

False.

Transpiration pull is the correct answer.

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47
Q

The purpose of transpiration is to help the plant with ___________.

A
  • Absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
  • Distributing water throughout the entire plant
  • Transport of dissolved minerals from the soil
  • Evaporative cooling
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48
Q

The productions of respiration are ______ and _____.

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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49
Q

Where do hydrophytic plants with floating leaves have their stomata?

A

Upper surface of the leaf

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50
Q

Hydrophytic plants have adaptations that allow them to live in ________.

A

Wet habitats

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51
Q

Photosynthesise is only possible in the presence of _______.

A

Light

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52
Q

Why are the leaves of conifers needle like?

A

To transpire less by reducing the surface area

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53
Q

What are stomata designed to do?

A

Aid in photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and evaporative cooling.

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54
Q

What are the spines on cactuses considered?

A

Modified leaves.

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55
Q

Compared to stagnant air, a light breeze increases….

A. Rate of transpiration from leaves
B. Rate of evaporation from leaves
C. Speed at which leaves will wilt over time
D. The loss of water from the plant
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

56
Q

What are guard cells responsible for?

A

Regulating the presence and absence of stomata.

57
Q

Carbon dioxide is the essential raw material (reactant) for which process?

A. Respiration
B. Transpiration
C. Photosynthesis
D. Reproduction
E. All of the above

A

C. Photosynthesis

58
Q

What environment are xerophytic plants adapted to living?

A

Dry habitats

59
Q

True or false. The process of transpiration is the opposite of respiration.

A

False. Photosynthesis is the opposite of respiration.

60
Q

True or false. In order for water to reach the leaves from the roots, evaporating must take place through the stomata.

A

True.

61
Q

True or false. As humidity increases, so does the rate of transpiration.

A

False

62
Q

What is a style?

A

Tube that connects stigma to ovary

63
Q

What is a stigma?

A

Stick part of pistil that pollen grains stick to.

64
Q

What are sepals?

A

Outer petals that protect the flower bud

65
Q

What is the anther?

A

Part of stamen that produces pollen

66
Q

What is the filament?

A

Long slender tube of the stamen that holds the anther at the top.

67
Q

What is the corolla?

A

Collection of petals

68
Q

What is the calyx?

A

Collection of sepals

69
Q

What is the perianth?

A

Petals and sepals together.

70
Q

What is the ovule?

A

Immature seeds located inside the ovary

71
Q

What is the name for multiple stamens?

A

Androecium

72
Q

What is the name for multiple pistils?

A

Gynoecium

73
Q

What is the pedicel?

A

Stalk of one flower within an inflorescence.

74
Q

What is the peduncle?

A

Single stalk bearing one inflorescence.

75
Q

What is the receptacle?

A

The swollen tip below the peduncle that floral parts connect to.

76
Q

Does shade reduce the rate of transpiration?

A

Yes

77
Q

Does respiration only occur when there is light?

A

No

78
Q

Where are the stamens located on wind pollinated plants of monoecious species such as certain grasses?

A

Above the female flowers which are lower on the stem

79
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Anther and stigma are on different plants that are not of the same clone

80
Q

What is an actinomorphic flower?

A

Radial symmetry

81
Q

What is a zygomorphic flower?

A

Bilateral symmetry

82
Q

What is a monoecious species?

A

Has plants with both male and female unisexual flowers on the same plant

83
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A

Has both stamens and pistils

84
Q

What is an incomplete flower?

A

Is missing one or more of the following floral parts
- Calyx
- Corolla
- Gynoecium
- Androecium

85
Q

Do grass flowers produce petals, sepals, pigmentation or scent?

A

No

86
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators?

A

Both plants and animals receive benefits from the relationship

87
Q

What is a complete flower?

A

Has the calyx, corolla, gynoecium, and androecium

88
Q

What is the zygote?

A

Fertilized egg in the ovary

89
Q

What is an imperfect flower?

A

Has either the male or female reproductive but not both at the same time

90
Q

What is the definition of a fruit?

A

A mature ovary

91
Q

What is self pollination?

A

The anther and stigma are on different flowers of the same plant

The anther and stigma are on different plants of the same clone

The anther and stigma are on the same flower

92
Q

What is the endocarp?

A

Layer of tissue surrounding the actual seed

93
Q

Plants that are produced as a result of cross pollination are …..

A

Not genetically the same as the parent plant and have a different set of genes from the parent plant

94
Q

What is a dioecious species?

A

Has plants with male flowers only and plants with female flowers only

95
Q

What is parthenocarpy?

A

Development and production of fruit without fertilization of ovules and without seed

96
Q

What is apomixis?

A

Development and production of fruit without the fertilization of ovules but with the production of seeds

97
Q

What is the exocarp?

A

Outside skin of a fruit

98
Q

What is the mesocarp?

A

Middle of the fruit between the endocarp and exocarp

99
Q

What is the function of the fruit?

A

Prevent seeds from dehydrating, protect the seeds, and to encourage seed dispersal

100
Q

What is a simple fruit?

A

Can be fleshy and dry and is formed from one ovary

101
Q

What is a dry indehiscent fruit?

A

It does not split open when ripened and is usually one or two seeded

102
Q

What is an example of a multiple fruit?

A

Mulberry, pineapple

103
Q

What is an example of a samara?

A

Maple key, ash key, elm key

104
Q

What is an example of a drupe?

A

Plum, peach, mango, olive

105
Q

What is an example of a berry?

A

Blueberry, avocado, tomato

106
Q

What is an example of a simple fleshy fruit?

A

Tomato, plum

107
Q

What is an example of a dry dehiscent fruit?

A

Milkweed, bean

108
Q

What is an example of a simple dry fruit?

A

Okra, peanut fruit, sunflower fruit

109
Q

What is an example of an aggregate fruit?

A

Strawberry, blackberry, raspberry

110
Q

What is an example of a hesperidium?

A

Orange, lemon, lime

111
Q

What is an example of a dry indehiscent fruit?

A

Sunflower

112
Q

Draw a sketch of a fruit and include the following:

Pericarp (Endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp) and embryo

A

Draw on paper

113
Q

The breaking off of rock in the form of sheets along the joints is known as?

A

Unloading

114
Q

The primary shoot in the seed is known as the….

A

Plumule

115
Q

The small opening in the seed coat through which water enters the seed is called the…..

A

Micropyle

116
Q

A group of soil aggregates that are clumped together is known as a….

A

Ped

117
Q

Which of the following is not a type of soil structure?

A. Columnar
B. Chunky
C. Blocky
D. Prismatic
E. Massive

A

B. Chunky

118
Q

Which soil has a high fertility rating, erodes easily and has low to moderate cohesiveness?

A

Silty soil

119
Q

What type of soil structure has tall and narrow aggregates with flat tops?

A

Prismatic

120
Q

What are the spaces found in between soil aggregates called?

A

Macropores

121
Q

What is the ridge of the seed called?

A

Raphe

122
Q

What is the first organ to emerge through the seed coat when the seed is germinating?

A

Radicle

123
Q

What is an advantage of asexual propagation over sexual propagation?

A

Bypassing the immature phase

124
Q

Sketch a dicot seedling labeling the epicotyl, first true leaves, radicle, cotyledons, and hypocotyl.

A

Draw on paper

125
Q

The first step of seed germination is the _______ of water by the seed.

A

Imbibition

126
Q

Along with the cotyledons, the ______ acts as food storage for the embryo.

A

Endosperm

127
Q

The process of converting rock into soil is called _______.

A

Weathering

128
Q

A ________ soil structure is desirable with plant growth.

A

Granular

129
Q

The _______ covers and protects the plumule in monocots as it grows out of the soil.

A

Coleoptile

130
Q

Producing additional plants by fertilization of ovules and producing seeds is known as _______.

A

Sexual propagation

131
Q

Define soil texture.

A

Proportion of sand, silt, and clay within soil

132
Q

Define soil structure.

A

Arrangement of sand, silt, clay within soil

133
Q

Draw or describe a platy soil structure.

A

Draw on paper.

Soil structure that is similar to plates with flat plate like cells that lie closely packed on top of each other

134
Q

Give two examples on how organisms contribute to weathering.

A

Tree planted by humans causing weathering in rocks

Animals build underground home that causes weathering in rock

Animal slips into crack made in earth caused by human planting tree and causing weathering

135
Q

What happens during hypogeal germination?

A

Cotyledon remains underground

136
Q

Why is it important to have good soil structure to grow plants?

A

Soil structure needed to support plant’s capability to absorb water and nutrients and grow roots to support its life cycle

Botany and Soils (16 decks)

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