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Biological Chemistry > Lecture 8 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 8 DA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the simplest phospholipid? Why is it important?

A

Phosphatidic acid. It is the precursor to other phospholipids.

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2
Q

What is a triacylglycerol?

A

Lipid with three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone.

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3
Q

What is the main form of energy storage?

A

Triglycerides.

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4
Q

Is the formation of lipid bilarys energetically favourable?

A

Yes.

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5
Q

What is the energy content of triacylglycerides vs carbohydrates/proteins (kcal/g)?

A

Triacylglyceride - 9kcal/g

Protein/carb - 4kcal/g

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6
Q

Why do triacylglycerides store mor energy vs carbohydrates or protein?

A

Carbohydrates and proteins are hydrated, making them more dense. Fat has little water around it and is more efficient.

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7
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K.

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8
Q

How are triacylglycerides synthesised?

A

By elongating an acetyl CoA, and a primer with malonyl CoA.

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9
Q

What are sphingolipids synthesised from?

A

Serine and long chain acyl CoA.

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10
Q

What is the backbone of sphingolipids?

A

Sphenoid backbone.

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11
Q

Where are sphingolipids found?

A

Nerves.

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12
Q

What are saccharolipids, and where are they found?

A

Lipid with a sugar backbone, are compatible with the membrane.

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13
Q

What is the shortest fatty acid in mammals?

A

Palmitic acid.

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14
Q

What is the farthest desaturatable bond in fatty acids? What is a consequence of this?

A

The ninth bond from the α carbon. Mammals cant make double bonds in the last 6 bonds. Making longer fatty acids needs to be ingested.

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15
Q

What organism can make double bonds past the ninth bond?

A

Plants.

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16
Q

Which two fatty acids cant be synthesised, and where do they come from?

A

Two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
Linolenic comes from fish only, while linoleic comes from both plants and fish.

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17
Q

Why do fish make linolenic acid?

A

To stop their membranes from being rigid due to fluctuating water temperatures.

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18
Q

What is prostaglandin, and were is it made?

A

Its an eicosanoid, and made in almost all tissue.

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19
Q

What kind of action does prostaglandin have, and does it have a long or short half life?

A

Short half life, it acts locally - paracrine.

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20
Q

Do cells store prostaglandin?

A

No.

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21
Q

What is prostaglandin made from?

A

Arachidonic acid.

22
Q

Aside from prostaglandin, what are two other eicosanoids? What are their effects, and how do they work?

A

Thromoxanes and leukotrienes. They act similar to ibuprofen/aspirin, which inhibit the enzyme cox2.
Eicosanoids also inhibit cox1, causing side effects.

23
Q

What are NSAIDs, and how do they work? Do they have side effects?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
All inhibit prostaglandin production. Some selectively inhibit cox2, less side effects on the GI tract.
Higher cardiovascular risk, some cause ulcers.

24
Q

What are phospholipids made from?

A

Phosphatidic acid or diacylglycerol.

25
Q

What is used to provide energy for phospholipid synthesis?

A

CTP.

26
Q

What happens to synthesise phospholipids?

A

Polar head must be activated first, or hydrophilic tail of the diacylglycerol is activated first.

27
Q

What is the most abundant phospholipid in mammals? What is the second most abundant?

A
  1. Phosphatidylcholine - lecithin.

2. Phosphoethanolamine.

28
Q

How is phosphatidylserine made? Can mammals make it?

A

Head group exchange

Head groups are swapped. Mammals cant make it, must eat it.

29
Q

Can mammals make lecithin, phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine?

A

No, but can convert the three between each other.

30
Q

Is transverse/vertical diffusion in cell membranes slow or fast? What does it require? What about lateral diffusion?

A

It is very slow, requires flippase enzymes. Lateral diffusion is very fast.

31
Q

Are the two membranes in a bilayer similar in terms of lipid population?

A

Not always, they can be very different, and often are.

32
Q

Which side of cell membranes do receptors point to?

A

They aim out.

33
Q

Where are embedded enzymes found in cell membranes?

A

They localise to one side.

34
Q

How are fats digested?

A

Bile is used to emulsify fat into micelles for digestion.

35
Q

What is bile?

A

Highly oxidised cholesterol.

36
Q

What is the use of pancreatic lipase? What are they specific to?

A

They digest fat, but only from 1 and 3 positions.

37
Q

What is needed for pancreatic lipase to bind?

A

Colipase.

38
Q

What is the starting point for ceramides?

A

Sphingosine.

39
Q

What is a ceramide?

A

Sphingosine molecule connected to a fatty acid by an amide bond.

40
Q

What is the starting point for sphingomyeline?

A

Ceramide.

41
Q

What is a sphingomyeline?

A

Ceramide with phosphorylcholine head group.

42
Q

Where is sphingomyeline found?

A

Myelin of nerves.

43
Q

What are cerebrosides and gangliosides?

A

Cerebroside - ceramide with some sugars.

Ganglioside - ceramide with many sugars.

44
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed, and where do they go?

A

Form in the gut, go to the liver.

45
Q

Where do VLDLs form, and where do they go?

A

Form in the liver, and go to the periphery.

46
Q

Where do LDLs and IDLs form, and where do they go?

A

Form in the periphery, and go to the liver.

47
Q

What are LDLs and IDLs the remnants of?

A

VLDL remnants.

48
Q

Where are the precursors of HDLs found? Where are HDLs themselves formed? Where do they go after?

A

Precursors made in the liver, HDLs made in the periphery. They go to the liver.

49
Q

Concerning fat, what effect does insulin and cAMP have?

A

Insulin - stores fat.

cAMP - releases fat.

50
Q

What do LDL receptors do, and where are they found?

A

Found in the liver, reabsorb lipoproteins.

Biological Chemistry (15 decks)

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