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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

How does Blood Flow go to the lungs?

A

DEO blood comes in through the Right Atrium, goes to the Right Ventricle, goes to the pulmonary artery, which leaves to go to the lungs.

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2
Q

How does Blood Flow go to the rest of the body?

A

Oxygenated blood comes through the left atrium, goes to the left ventricle which goes to the Aorta which leaves to go to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is a septal defect in the ventricles?

A

A weakness in the walls between the ventricles which causes a mix of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

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4
Q

Why is the amount of work performed by the LV much greater?

A

Because it needs to supply your whole body with blood

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5
Q

Which ventricle has larger wall?

A

The LV has a larger wall

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6
Q

What is the size of the LV wall?

A

8 - 10 mm

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7
Q

What is the size of the RV wall?

A

2 - 3 mm

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8
Q

What are the ventricles and the atrium separated by?

A

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

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9
Q

What do AV valves do?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood into the atria

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10
Q

What is the AV value called that is between the RA and RV?

A

Tricuspid Valve (3 flaps)

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11
Q

What is the AV valued called that is between the LA and LV?

A

Bicuspid or Mitral Valve (2 flaps)

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12
Q

Where are one way semilunar valves located?

A

At the origin of the Pulmonary Artery (pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs) and the Aorta (pumping oxygenate blood to the body)

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13
Q

What happens when the ventricles are contracted?

A

The valves will open so blood can be pumped through them

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14
Q

What happens during ventricular relaxation?

A

Semilunar valves shut so blood can not flow back into the ventricles

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15
Q

How does the Cardiac cycle start?

A

Both atria fill with blood, then contract simultaneously to allow blood to enter the ventricles

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16
Q

What happens about 0.1-0.2 seconds later?

A

The simultaneous contraction of both ventricles where one is sending blood into lungs and other is sending blood to our body

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17
Q

What does contraction of the ventricles during systolic do?

A

It ejects about 2/3 of the blood they contain

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18
Q

What is your Stroke Volume?

A

Amount of Blood coming from the ventricle in one heart beat

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19
Q

What is the end systolic volume?

A

About 1/3rd the initial amount in the ventricles

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20
Q

What is your End Diastolic?

A

Filling with Blood

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21
Q

What is your End Systolic?

A

Pumping (ejecting) the blood

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22
Q

What is your Cardiac Output?

A

How much the heart can pump in one minute

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23
Q

What is your Cardiac Output equal to?

A

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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24
Q

At an average heart rate of 75bpm, what does each cycle last?

A

0.8 seconds

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25
Q

In the 0.8 seconds, how much time is spent in distole and systole?

A

0.5 s - diastole (filling with blood)

0.3 s - systole (contracting)

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26
Q

What does Electrical Activity facilitate?

A

The pumping of the heart

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27
Q

How many regions of the heart can spontaneously generate action potentials?

A

3

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28
Q

What are the 3 regions of the heart?

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  2. AV Node
  3. Purkinje Fibres
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29
Q

What is the SA node?

A

It is known as the Pace Maker

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30
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the right atrium

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31
Q

What nerve innervated the SA node?

A

The Vagus nerve which has parasympathetic innervation to adjust heart rate

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32
Q

Where do AP originate at?

A

At the SA node

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33
Q

How do Action Potentials spread to adjacent myocytes in the RA and LA?

A

Through gap junctions between cells

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34
Q

What happens to the AP; because the atria and ventricles are separated

A

They are specialized myocardial cells in the AV node to allow the impulse to move from atrium to ventricle

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35
Q

What is the pathway of the electrical activity of the heart?

A

Impulse starts at SA nodes, travels to AV Node then descends down the intraventricular septum, divide right and left with Purkinje fibres in the ventricle wall

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36
Q

How does AP spread?

A

From endocardium (inside heart) to epicardium (outside heart) to cause both the ventricles to contract

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37
Q

What is the timing of the SA node?

A

Fast Conduction Rate (0.8-1m/s)

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38
Q

What is the timing at the AV node?

A

Conduction Rate Decreases (0.03 - 0.05m/s)

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39
Q

What is the conduction through the Bundle of His?

A

Increases

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40
Q

What is the conduction peak through the whole electrical activity of the heart?

A

5m/s

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41
Q

What does your SA node directly contact?

A

Atrial Muscle Cells

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42
Q

Why does conduction slow in the AV node?

A

To allow the atria to contract and fill the ventricles

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43
Q

What are the only connections between the AV Bundle and Node?

A

AV Bundles and the AV Node

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44
Q

What happens in the Purkinje Fibres?

A

Conduction rate increases causing rapid conduction

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45
Q

What causes the rapid conduction?

A

More positive resting membrane potential and many gap junctions

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46
Q

What do the Purkinje Fibres synapse onto?

A

The ventricular myocytes

47
Q

What does an Electrocardiogram measure?

A

Not recording a single action potential - but it does result from the production and conduction of action potential

48
Q

What is a P wave?

A

Atria depolarizes and contracts

49
Q

What is a QRS complex?

A

Ventricles depolarize and contract

50
Q

What is a T wave?

A

Ventricles begin to repolarize and relax

51
Q

According to WHO, how many people die each year due to CVD?

A

17 million people

52
Q

How many patients with HF die within 5 years?

A

50%

53
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

When you have a plaque buildup in one of the 3 coronary arteries

54
Q

In the earliest stages, what can coronary artery disease cause?

A

Angina (chest pain due to restricted blood flow)

55
Q

What happens when atherosclerosis is suffiecient enough to interrupt blood flow?

A

Myocardial Infarction or Heart (death of the heart muscle cells)

56
Q

What region on an ECG indicates an ischemic stroke?

A

ST is more elevated then normal

57
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Very slow heart rate (less then 60bpm)

58
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Very fast resting heart rate (greater then 100bpm)

59
Q

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm in which the ventricles of the heart quiver. It is due to disorganized electrical activity.

60
Q

What does Ventricular Fibrillation result in?

A

Ventricular fibrillation results in cardiac arrest with loss of consciousness and no pulse. This is followed by sudden cardiac death in the absence of treatment

61
Q

What can COVID or the SARS virus do?

A

Gain entry into the cardiomyocytes via ACE2 (receptor), cause inflammation and scarring which can lead to heart conditions

62
Q

What are myocardial cells?

A

Heart Muscle Cells

63
Q

What are your heart muscle cells?

A

Striated

64
Q

What is Striated?

A

Striated means that the heart appears “striped” when under a microscope

65
Q

What do myocardial cells contain?

A

Actin filaments and myosin filaments arranged in the form of sarcomeres

66
Q

How do myocardial cells contract?

A

Via a sliding mechanism

67
Q

What are the striations in cardiac muscle?

A

Striations in the heart are the stripes that appear in cardiac muscle cells when viewed under a microscope. These stripes are caused by the arrangement of contractile proteins called actin and myosin.

68
Q

How are myocytes connected?

A

Via gas junctions that lie at the ends of each myocardial cell

69
Q

What do these gap junctions permit?

A

Electrical impulses to be conducted cell to cell

70
Q

What do the gap junctions “stain” as?

A

Intercalated Disks

71
Q

What are the two major organelles myocytes are organized into?

A

1.) Mitochondria for energy

2.) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum for Calcium Handling

72
Q

Where do Cardiac AP’s originate in?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)

73
Q

What does contraction follow?

A

Ca2+ induced-Ca2+ released

74
Q

What is the Ca2+ induced Ca2+ released?

A

Ca2+ enters into the myocyte cytoplasms via voltage gated ion channels which stimulates the opening of Ca2+ release channels in the SR

75
Q

What does Ca2+ from the voltage gated channels serve?

A

A messenger for the Ca2+ release channels

76
Q

What must happen in order for the heart to relax?

A

Ca2+ must be pumped from the cytoplasm into the SR

77
Q

What is the First Step of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Ca2+ diffuses from Extracellular fluid to cytoplasm

78
Q

What is the Second Step of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Ca2+ release channels in the SR open

79
Q

What is the Third Step of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Ca2+ related from the SR is going to bind to the sarcomere to stimulate a contraction

80
Q

What is the Fourth Step of Excitation-Contraction in the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Ca2+ ATPase is going to pump calcium back into SR

81
Q

What is the Fifth Step of Excitation-Contraction in the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Myocardial Cell Relaxes

82
Q

What are the muscle fibres made ups of?

A

Thin (actin) filament and a thick (myosin) filament

83
Q

What are the Myosin and Actin cells arranged into?

A

Long, rod shaped organelles called myofibrils

84
Q

What does the myofibrils have?

A

A distinct striated pattern of alternating light and dark bands and z discs

85
Q

What are Z discs

A

Proteins that act as anchors for thin filaments

86
Q

What do z discs consist of?

A

A protein called actin

87
Q

What are myofibrils separated into?

A

Sections by the Z discs

88
Q

What is the section of fibre in between two z discs called?

A

The sarcomere

89
Q

What lies between the thin filaments (actin)?

A

Myosin (thicker filament)

90
Q

How does the muscle contract?

A

When the z-discs move closer to each other due to the myosin and actin sliding past each other

91
Q

What does the overlapping of thin and thick filaments give?

A

The striated pattern of the myofibril

92
Q

What are the light bands called?

A

I bands

93
Q

What are the dark bands caused?

A

A bands

94
Q

Where do the Z discs lie?

A

In the middle of the I band

95
Q

What is in the centre of the A band?

A

A narrow light band called the H zone

96
Q

What do the Thick Filaments - TF (myosin) have?

A

Made up of rod proteins that have an angular head

97
Q

What does the angular head do?

A

It swivels which causes contraction of the muscle

98
Q

What is Tropomyosin attached to?

A

Actin

99
Q

What is troponin?

A

A complex of 3 subunits attached to tropomyosin

100
Q

What does the myosin head contain?

A

Actin Binding Site

ATP Binding Site

101
Q

What happens when ATP gets hydrolyzed to ADP?

A

Myosin head becomes activated and changes orientation

102
Q

What happens to troponin?

A

Attachment of Ca2+ to troponin which causes movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing binding sites of actin

103
Q

What happens when the binding sites of actin are exposed?

A

Myosin cross bridge can bind to actin and undergo a power stroke

104
Q

What is a power stroke?

A

A “power stroke” refers to the conformational change that occurs within a myosin protein during muscle contraction, where it forcefully pulls the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere, generating the force needed for muscle contraction

105
Q

How many differences are there between Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle contraction?

A

3

106
Q

What is the first difference?

A

Skeletal muscles require external stimulation by the somatic motor neurons

Cardiac Muscle produced action potentials automatically by the SA node (pacemaker)

107
Q

What is the second difference?

A

Skeletal Muscles are long and fibrous and myocardial cells and Cardiac cells are short, branches and interconnected

108
Q

What is the structure of myocardial cells?

A

Tubular in structure and joined to other myocardial cells by electrical; synapse (gap junctions)

109
Q

What is the third difference?

A

Skeletal muscles have direct excitation-contraction between the transverse tubules and SR and Cardiac Cells have voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and the Ca2+ channels in the SR DO NOT INTERACT - Ca2+ induced-Ca2+-release

110
Q

What do humans not produce?

A

Taurine and need it in our diet

111
Q

What do cats produce?

A

Taurine but also need a well balanced diet so cat food contains taurine

112
Q

What gives cats heart failure?

A

Insufficient amount of taurine in their diets

113
Q

What are Dobermans more likely to be diagnosed with?

A

60% are more likely to be diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

114
Q

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Muscle fibres stretched and heart chambers have enlarged

BIOM*3200 (8 decks)

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