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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 5 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Digestion?

A

The breakdown of ingested food

Absorption of nutrients into the blood

Concentration and removal of waste products

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2
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Production of cellular energy (ATP)
Regulation of Cellular Activities

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What are the two main functional groups of organs of the Digestive System?

A

Alimentary Canal (continuous hollow tube)

Accessory Digestive Organs

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4
Q
A
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What are the structures of the Alimentary Canal?

A

Mouth, Pharnyx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

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7
Q

What is the tongue covered in?

A

Many backward facing projections called filiform papillae, which sense pressure

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8
Q

What can a species of frog hear with?

A

Its mouth

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9
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Salivary glands, Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

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10
Q

What are the functions of the Salivary Glands?

A

Lubrication/Binding

Solubilization of Dry Food

Oral Hygiene - flushes away debris

Begins Starch Digestion (salivary amylases)

Alkaline Buffering

Evaporative Cooling

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11
Q

What is Mastification?

A

Chewing food - adding salivary amylase

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12
Q

What are the types of teeth?

A

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars

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13
Q

What do Incisors do?

A

Rip, cut

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14
Q

What do canines do?

A

Tear, pierce

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15
Q

What do pre-molars do?

A

Grind, shear

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16
Q

What do Molars do?

A

Grind

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17
Q

What is the hardest structure in the body?

A

The teeth

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18
Q

What is the total number of primary “baby” teeth?

A

20

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19
Q

What is the total number of permanent teeth?

A

32

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20
Q

Where does Deglutition (swallowing) occur?

A

Oral, Pharyngeal, esophageal

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21
Q

What does Deglutition require?

A

25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx upper esophagus

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22
Q

What are mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus muscles innervated by?

A

Somatic motor neurons

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23
Q

What are the middle and lower esophagus muscles innervated by?

A

Autonomic motor neurons

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24
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Connects pharynx to stomach: a muscular tube that is 25 cm long

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25
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Food moves by a wave like muscular contraction

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26
Q

What does Peristalsis do in the esophagus?

A

Peristaltic contraction and movement of bolus into the stomach

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27
Q

What does the Esophagus pass through?

A

The diaphragm

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28
Q

How does the esophagus mobilize food?

A

By peristalsis

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29
Q

Where does the smooth muscle layer?

A

In the wall of the stomach, the length of the organ and around the organ

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30
Q

What direction do smooth muscle layers run in?

A

An oblique direction

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31
Q

What do these muscles act?

A

To mix and mechanically break up food in the stomach.

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32
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the stomach?

A

Circular muscles, longitudinal muscles, and oblique muscles.

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33
Q

What are circular, longitudinal and oblique fibres arranged?

A

Perpendiculary to provide complex motility

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34
Q

What do the mucosal regions of the stomach contain?

A

Gastric pits and gastric glands

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35
Q

What are Gastric Pits?

A

The openings of the gastric glands

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36
Q

What are the Gastric Glands?

A

They consist of several types of cells (mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells)

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37
Q

What does each cell type produce?

A

A specific secretion

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38
Q

What do mucous cells secrete?

A

Mucus

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39
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl, intrinsic factor (B12 - essential for life)

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40
Q

What do Chief cells (zymogenic) cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

41
Q

What can erosions of the mucosa lead to?

A

Peptic ulcers (i.e, the stomach digests itself)

42
Q

What can cause peptic ulcers?

A

The bacteria Helicobacter pylori

43
Q

What does Helicobacter infect?

A

The GI tract of ~50% of adults worldwide.

44
Q

What do Pepsinogen/HCl do?

A

In the presence of HCL, the inactive enzyme pepsinogen is activated to the pepsin form, which can digest proteins into smaller polypeptides.

45
Q

What are the regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

46
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

The first 25 cm

Mucous secretion, receives pancreatic secretions and bile from liver

47
Q

What is the Jejunum?

A

1 m in length

Numerous folds and villi

48
Q

What is the Ileum?

A

Last 2m

Fewer folds/villi than jejunum

Absorbs primarily bile salts, water, electrolytes

49
Q

What does the Ileum contain?

A

Peyer’s Patches (Aggregates of lymph nodes)

50
Q

Where does the Ileum empty?

A

Into the large intestine via the Ilieocecal valve

51
Q

What are the Microvilli formed by?

A

Foldings at the apical surface of each epithelial cell membrane

52
Q

What are Villi covered in?

A

Columnar Epithelial cells

53
Q

What do Goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucous

54
Q

What happens to epithelial cells at the tip of the villi?

A

Continuously sloughed off and replaced by new cells coming from the Intestinal Crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

55
Q

What are Paneth cells?

A

At the base of the crypts and secrete antibacterial molecules (lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides) to protect the intestine from inflammation

56
Q

What are microvilli not?

A

Villi zoomed in!!!

(Common misconception}

57
Q

What is the study on time-restricted diets?

A

Mice ate the same number of calories, however the obese mouse had food available 24 hours and the normal weight mouse only had food available 8 hours per day

58
Q

What did the mouse eating 24 hours per day have?

A

4x more body fat even though they had the same number of calories

59
Q

What did Access to food 24 hours per day cause?

A

Increased fat, increased glucose intolerance, increased leptin resistance, increased liver pathology, increased inflammation, and decreased motor control

60
Q

What does the alkaline bile from live do to neutralize?

A

Releases chyme to neutralize the small intestine

61
Q

What is the bacterial colony in the large intestine made up of?

A

Many species of bacteria and plays a role in digestive processes

62
Q

What does the good bacteria do?

A

Put out pathogenic bacteria

63
Q

What happens when pathogenic bacteria takes over the colon?

A
64
Q

What happens when pathogenic bacteria takes over?

A

The colon reacts by eliminating colon content and sloughing off the colon epithelium - diarrhea

65
Q

What is a small component of the colon?

A

The appendix

66
Q

What is it thought that the appendix contains?

A

A reservoir of “good bacteria” that can re-colonize the colon following diarrhea and expulsion of the colon content

67
Q

What does the appendix contain?

A

Like the tonsils it contains lymph vessels

68
Q

What is the appendix subjected to and what does this cause?

A

Inflammation which causes appendicitis - pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

69
Q

What does a ruptured appendix cause?

A

Inflammation in the peritoneal cavity - peritonitis

70
Q

What is the intestinal micriobiota?

A

10 times more numerous than human cells in the body

71
Q

What does intestinal microbiota originate at?

A

Birth (gut microbiome starts forming)

72
Q

What affects what grows in the gut?

A

Diet

73
Q

What is serotonin altered with?

A

Stress, anxiety, and depression

74
Q

What did a study of a germ free mouse model show?

A

The absence of bacteria during early life significantly affected sermonic concentrations in the brain in adulthood

75
Q

What are the Accessory organs of Digestion?

A

Pancres, Liver, Gallbladder

76
Q

What is the liver made up of?

A

Hepatic cells lining large capillaries called sinusoids

77
Q

What also sinusoids lined by?

A

Endothelial cells

78
Q

What do sinusoids contain?

A

Kupffer cells (Phagocytes)

79
Q

What does the liver have?

A

God regenerative capabilities - if 2/3rds of a rodent’s liver are surgically removed, the remaining tissue with regenerate to its original mass In one week

80
Q

What are the 2 blood inputs of the liver?

A

Portal Vein (coming from intestines, major source of blood supply to liver), and also hepatic artery (blood from heart to liver)

81
Q

What are endocrine functions of the liver?

A

Where the enzymes and hormones of the liver do their thing and outputs get sent into the hepatic vein, going back to the heart so the nutrients loaded into there can get pumped through the whole body

82
Q

What are the two exocrine functions of the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts that come out from liver, which makes bile

83
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gallbladder

84
Q

What do the right and left hepatic ducts do?

A

Meet up with the cystic duct from the gall bladder which stores bile and together they form the common bile duct which then goes into intestines

85
Q

What is a derivative of the Heme group converted into and what is the pathway of it?

A

Bilirubin and carried in the blood on albumin proteins, taken up by the liver, mixed with glucoronic acid and now is water soluble and can be secrete into bile to intestine, converted by bacteria into urobilingen, and removed in faces

86
Q

What can some urobiliogen do?

A

Re-enter circulation and be excreted by kidneys

87
Q

What is the Gall-Bladder?

A

Sac-like organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver.

88
Q

What does the gallbladder store?

A

Bile from the liver

89
Q

What is a common complication of the gallbladder?

A

Gallstones

90
Q

What are gall stones?

A

Mineral deposits that produce painful symptoms by obstructing the bile ducts

91
Q

How are Gallstones removed?

A

Surgery - sometimes oral ingestion of bile acids, or fragmentation by huih energy shock waves.

92
Q

What do pancreatic juices contain?

A

20 different digestive enzymes including amylase, trypsin, and lipase

93
Q

What is Amylase?

A

Digests starch

94
Q

What is Trypsin?

A

Digests proteins

95
Q

What is Lipase?

A

Digests triglycerides

96
Q

What does digestion in the pancreas require?

A

Pancreatic enzymes PLUS brush border enzymes

97
Q

What is the inactive form of trypsin activated by?

A

The brush border enzymes; trypsin is a protease that can then activate other pancreatic enzymes

98
Q

What is the Pancreas both of?

A

An endocrine gland and and digestive organ

99
Q

How is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

A

Makes hormones (insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin)

100
Q
A
101
Q
A

BIOM*3200 (8 decks)

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