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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 2 - Intro to Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Intro to Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two supporting cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells

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2
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

Form Myelin sheaths around PNS neuron axons

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3
Q

What are Satellite Cells?

A

Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia of the PNS

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4
Q

What are the Four Supporting Cells of the CNS?

A

1.) Oligodendrocytes

2.) Microglia

3.) Astrocytes

4.) Ependymal Cells

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5
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Form Myelin Sheaths around CNS neuron axons (like Schwann Cells in PNS)

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6
Q

What is Microglia?

A

Migrate through CNS and phagocytose debris

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7
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Help regulate external environment of neurons in the CNS

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8
Q

What are Ependymal Cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord

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9
Q

What does successive wrapping of one Schwann cell do?

A

Wrap around one axon (1:1 ratio)

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10
Q

What does one oligodendrocyte form?

A

Myelin on several axons (not a1:1 ratio)

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11
Q

What is the most abundant type of glial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes (about 90% of the nervous tissue in the brain)

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12
Q

Where do astrocytes processes terminate?

A

At the “end feet” of capillaries, as well as at the “end feet” of neurons which can influence blood and neuron interactions/

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13
Q

What is the first function of astrocytes?

A

They take up K+ from the extracellular fluid (diffuses from neurones during nerve impulses) to maintain proper ionic environment

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14
Q

What is the second function of astrocytes?

A

They can convert the neurotransmitter glutamate into glutamine via glutamate synthase, which can be released back into neurons, which can use it to reform glutamate

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15
Q

What is the third function of astrocytes?

A

The “end feet” surrounding the blood capillaries take up glucose from the blood, metabolize it to lactate, then release it for use as an energy source by neurons, which metabolize it aerobically into CO2 and H2) for production of ATP

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16
Q

What is the fourth function of astrocytes?

A

Astrocytes are needed for the formation of synapses in the CNS

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17
Q

What are Astrocytes regulating?

A

Neurogenesis in the adult brain

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18
Q

What is Neurogenesis?

A

The process in which stem cells differentiate into glial cells or neutrons

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19
Q

What do Astrocytes help with the formation of?

A

The blood brain barrier

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20
Q

What can astrocytes release?

A

Neurotransmitters which can stimulate or inhibit the activity of neurons.

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21
Q

What is significant about the capillaries in the brain?

A

The capillaries do not have pores between adjacent endothelial cells

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22
Q

What do the endothelial cells have instead?

A

The endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions.

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23
Q

What can move through the blood brain barrier?

A

Non-polar O2 and CO2 can move through, alcohol and barbiturates (drugs) can pass through the phospholipid layer

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24
Q

What do other molecules have to go through to pass through?

A

Specific processes such as endocytosis, active transport

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25
Q

What receptor does nicotine bind to?

A

Acetyl choline receptor

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26
Q

What does components in tobacco smoke cause?

A

A decrease in MAO activity

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27
Q

What is MAO activity?

A

The enzyme used for your body break down neurotransmitters

28
Q

What happens if you have elevated levels of dopamine and serotonin?

A

Influence mood (happier, less stressed, better memory)

29
Q

What are CNS depressants?

A

You are slowing down brain activity, causing you to feel calm and relaxed, directly affecting brain cells

30
Q

What are examples of CNS depressants?

A

Xanax, Alcohol, Heroin, Morphine, Cannabis

31
Q

What can CNS depressants cause?

A

Altered speech, slow reaction time, foggy time

32
Q

What neurotransmitter receptors can cause the inhibition of NO?

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate and substance P.

33
Q

What happens if you get rabies?

A

It is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear

34
Q

Why is rabies almost always fatal?

A

As immune cells and antibodies cannot reach the brain due to the blood brain barrier

35
Q

How can you help treat rabies?

A

No treatment after symptoms appear, but before a rapid treatment with ant-rabies antibodies can help attenuate the infection

36
Q

What are the hardest brain conditions to treat?

A

Brain Cancer, Parkinsons, Alzheimers and Dementia

37
Q

Why are neurological disorders so hard to treat?

A

So hard to get drugs past the blood brain barrier

38
Q

What did scientists at Sunnybrook Hospital use to penetrate the blood brain barrier?

A

Focused ultrasound to deliver a chemotherapeutic agent directly into ONE patient’s malignant brain tumour

39
Q

What is Somatic?

A

Have cell bodies in the CNS and send axons to skeletal muscles (voluntary control)

40
Q

What is Autonomic?

A

involves TWO neurons in the efferent pathway

41
Q

What is the first neuron (preganglionic) in the autonomic pathway?

A

The 1st cell body is in the grey matter of the CNS, it does not directly innervate the effector organ, but instead synapses with a 2nd neuron

42
Q

What is the second neurone (postganglionic) in the autonomic pathway?

A

Has an axon that extends from the autonomic ganglion to an effector organ, where it synapses with the target tissue.

43
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

As condition that causes muscles to shrink and weaken (disease, age, lack of physical activity)

44
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system help regulate?

A

The activity of the smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

45
Q

What does the Parasympathetic System involve?

A

Drives down

  • Resting, digestion (during the night)
46
Q

What does the Synthetic Nervous System involve?

A
  • Drives up
  • Fight/Flight
47
Q

What does the PSNS and SNS mediate?

A

Opposing responses in effector organ (oppose each other)

48
Q

What are the spinal nerve regions?

A

Cranial, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral,

49
Q

What are organs without dual innervation?

A
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Arrector pili muscles in the skin
  • Sweat Gland in the Skin
  • Most Blood Vessels
50
Q

In the cases of no dual innervation, how is regulation achieved?

A

By increasing or decreasing in the tone (firing rate) of the sympathetic fibers

51
Q

What are autonomic nerves classified based on?

A

Primary neurotransmitter released across synapse

52
Q

What do cholinergic neurons release?

A

Ach (Acetylcholine)

53
Q

What do Adrenergic neurons release?

A

NE or E (norepinephrine or epinephrine)

54
Q

What is the autonomic outflow in the PSNS?

A

The preganglion axon releases Ach to the post ganglion axon which releases Ach to the effector cell to SLOW DOWN

55
Q

What is the autonomic outflow in the SNS?

A

The preganglion axon releases Ach to the post ganglion axon which releases NE to the effector cel to SPEED UP

56
Q

What is the ACh the neurotransmitter for?

A

All PRE ganglionic axons in both the parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system (cholinergic transmission)

Ach is also released by post ganglionic axons at their synapses (cholinergic transmission)

57
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic post ganglion axons?

A

NE (adrenergic)

58
Q

What is a common cause of ANS dysfunction?

A

Lyme disease caused by a tick bite

59
Q

What happens when you get bit by an infected tick?

A

Substances in tick saliva disrupt the local immune response

60
Q

What fails to appear when bit by a tick?

A

Neutrophils which are necessary to eliminate the infection

61
Q

How does bacteria spread?

A

Via the blood stream to joints, heart, nervous system, and distant sites.

62
Q

What is POTS?

A

Sustained increase in heart rate of greater than 4- BPM (tachycardia)

63
Q

What is Synesthesia?

A

Letters or numbers are perceived as colours

64
Q

What is Chromathesia?

A

Where music can be heard as colours

65
Q

How many digits of numbers can the average person hold in their working memory at a given time?

A

7

BIOM*3200 (8 decks)

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