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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

A

Arteries (largest) –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins

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2
Q

What system contains the most amount of blood?

A

The venous system (veins and venules)

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3
Q

What does the venous system function as?

A

A reservoir in which more blood can be added to the circulation under appropriate conditions such as exercise

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4
Q

What type of blood does your arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated Blood

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5
Q

What type of blood does your veins carry?

A

Deoyygenated Blood

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6
Q

Why from your artery to your capillaries does size decrease?

A

Decrease in pressure as you go away from the heart

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7
Q

What does the Venous System contain?

A

Most of the Blood Volume

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8
Q

What do Arteries provide?

A

Resistance to the flow of blood from the heart

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9
Q

What are veins able to do?

A

Expand, to allow for more blood to accumulate

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10
Q

What is the average pressure in the capillary?

A

2 mmHg

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11
Q

What is the average pressure in the artery?

A

100 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the Venous pressure?

A

Too low to return blood to the heart

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13
Q

What helps the lower limb veins return blood to the heart?

A

The skeletal muscle “pump

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14
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump do?

A

Provides contractions so the veins of the lower limbs move blood back

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15
Q

What helps the veins from the abdominal and thoracic regions move blood to the heart?

A

The act of breathing and contraction/pressure of the diagram and abdomen helps the blood return to the heart

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16
Q

What are there in the aorta and the arteries?

A

Elastin between the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media.

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17
Q

When do these large elastic arteries expand?

A

When the pressure of the blood rises as a result of the ventricles contractions

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18
Q

What happens during relaxation of the Ventricles?

A

They recoil like a stretched rubber band when the pressure drops

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19
Q

What does the elastic recoil drive?

A

Blood during the diastolic phase when the heart is resting and pressure drops.

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20
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure in your arteries when your heart contracts

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21
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Decrease blood flow to the capillary bed

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22
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A

Increase blood flow to capillary bed

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23
Q

What are the walls of the capillaries composed of?

A

Just one cell layer

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24
Q

What do the capillaries lack?

A

CT and MS which makes it easier to exchange materials between blood and tissue

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25
Q

What happens at the arteriole end of a capillary?

A

Blood pressure forces fluid out of the capillary to the fluid surrounding tissue cells

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26
Q

What happens at the venous end of the capillary?

A

Fluid is drawn back into the capillary by osmotic pressure

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27
Q

What is the major air passageway?

A

Nasal Cavity

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28
Q

What are the steps of the air passageway ?

A

Nasal Cavity –> Oral Cavity –> Pharynx –> Larnyx —> Trachea (entering lungs) —> Brinchea (divides into two longs) —> Lungs

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29
Q

What does the Nasal Cavity lead into?

A

The pharynx (back of throat) to connect the nasal cavity to the larynx

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30
Q

What happens in the larynx?

A

Air is going towards the lungs and food is going towards the esophagus

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31
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

The “vocal chords” - folds in the lining tissue

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32
Q

What are the capillary beds responsible for?

A

Gas exchange

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33
Q

What is there to note about the pulmonary vein?

A

It is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood (travelling to heart)

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34
Q

What is there to note about the pulmonary artery?

A

Only artery that carries deoxygenated blood (travels away from heart)

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35
Q

What does the Vena Cava do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the hearts right atrium

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36
Q

Where is the Resipirtory Zone?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles that consist of the Alveolus

37
Q

What are the physical properties of the Lungs (1)?

A

Inspiration and Compliance (breathing in)

38
Q

What happens when you breath in?

A

Chest expand, and your diagram contracts

39
Q

What must happen in your lungs for respiration to occur?

A

Have compliance (ability to expand when stretched)

40
Q

What is Lung Compliance

A

The change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure = dV/dP

41
Q

What will there be at any given transpulmonary pressure?

A

Greater or lesser expansion, depending on the compliance of the lungs

42
Q

What does lung disease do?

A

Reduce compliance

43
Q

What are the physical properties of the lungs (2)?

A

Expiration and Elasticity

44
Q

What happens when you breath out?

A

Chest contract, diaphragm relaxes

45
Q

For expiration to occur, what must happen?

A

The lungs must have elasticity

46
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The tendency for a structure to return to its original size

47
Q

What do the lungs contain high contents of?

A

Elastic proteins

48
Q

What are the lungs always in a state of?

A

Elastic tension as they are stuck to the cell wall

49
Q

What happens to this elastic tension?

A

Increase during inspiration where the lungs stretch and is reduced by elastic recoil during expiration

50
Q

When can the lungs inflate?

A

Only when they are attached to the inner wall of the chest

51
Q

What happens to a person who has wounded chest?

A

They cannot inflate the lung on the wounded side, even though they can’t ventilate

52
Q

What is the pleural membranes?

A

The attachment of the outer lung surface to the inner surface of the chest cavity

53
Q

What are the layers of the PM?

A

One PM layer is attached to the surface of the lungs while the other layer is attached to the inner wall of the chest cavity

54
Q

What do the PMs do?

A

Produce a mucous-rich lubricating fluid (pleural fluid) into the pleural space

55
Q

What does the plural fluid do?

A

Holds the two pleural membranes together (holds the lungs attached to the inner wall of the thoracic cavity)

56
Q

What is another function of the pleural fluid?

A

Makes the lungs slide easier in the thoracic cavity

57
Q

What is the 3rd Physical Property of the Lungs?

A

Surface Tension

58
Q

What is Surface tension exerted from?

A

Fluid in the Alveoli

59
Q

What does the fluid contain?

A

Surfactant

60
Q

What is Surfactant?

A

A mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins secreted into the alveoli by type II alveolar cells

61
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Lower surface tension to prevent the alveoli from collapsing during expiration

62
Q

What do Alveoli’s have the tendency to do?

A

Collapse

63
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Prevents the alveolis from collapsing

64
Q

When is surfactant produced in fetal life?

A

Later on

65
Q

What happens with pre-mature babies?

A

Surfactant does not get produced in time and their alveoli collapses as a result

66
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Volume of Gas, inspired or expired, in an unforced respiratory cycle (not thinking about it)

67
Q

What is a typical Tidal Volume?

A

Around 500m/s

68
Q

What is your Inspiratory Volume?

A

Max. volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

69
Q

What is your Expiratory Volume?

A

Max volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

70
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

Max volume of gas remaining in your lungs after max expiration (expiratory volume)

71
Q

What is your Anatomical Dead Space?

A

Dead Volume - where no gas exchange occurs

72
Q

Where does no gas exchange occur?

A

Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

73
Q

What is the 4th Physical property of the lungs?

A

Lung capacities and volumes

74
Q

What is the percentage of fresh air if the anatomical dead space is 150m/s and the tidal volume is 500m/s?

A

500 - 150 = 350

350/500 x 100% = 70%

75
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Contains Fe and is present in Red Blood Cells

76
Q

What can hemoglobin do?

A

Combine with O2 and release it when needed

77
Q

What can hemoglobin act as?

A

O2 shuttle from lungs to body tissue

78
Q

What happens in the lungs?

A

CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli causing blood CO2 levels to be low and reducing the acidity in the lungs (higher pH)

79
Q

What happens in the tissue?

A

Blood CO2 levels are high (excreting it) and O2 levels are low (using it) which causes the pH in the tissues to be more acidic

80
Q

What does the acidity of the plasma determine?

A

Whether hemoglobin will combine with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin (low acidity/higher pH in lungs) or if O2 will be released from oxyhemoglobin (higher acidity/lower pH in tissues)

81
Q

What is another shuttler of hemoglobin?

A

It can bind CO2 and act as a shuttle from body tissues to lungs (reverse as O2 shuttle)

82
Q

What happens in the lungs?

A

O2 is entering the blood and CO2 is leaving the blood

83
Q

What is the pathway of the O2 entering the blood?

A

O2 dissolves in the lining fluid film of the alveoli, diffuses through the walls of the alveoli and blood capillaries into the plasma, then it diffuses Ito RBCS

84
Q

What happens when O2 diffuses into RBCs?

A

It combines chemically with Hb to form oxyhemoglobin

85
Q

Where does oxyhemoglobin formation occur?

A

In the lungs as blood CO2 levels are low

86
Q

What happens in the body tissues?

A

O2 is being used by the cells and CO2 is being produced

87
Q

What is O2 released from?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and diffuses into body tissues

88
Q
A

BIOM*3200 (8 decks)

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