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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 4 - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic “plan” established?

A

Embryonically

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2
Q

What happens by the middle of the 4th week after conception?

A

3 distinct swellings are evident at the anterior end of the neural tube, which is going to form the brain

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3
Q

What are the three primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain), Mesencephalon (midbrain), Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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4
Q

What happens during week 5?

A

These areas become modified to form 5 regions

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5
Q

What does Prosencephalon (forebrain) become?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

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6
Q

What does Mesencephalon (midbrain) become?

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

What does Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) become?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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8
Q

What is a Hemorraghic stroke?

A

Blood leaks into brain tissue

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9
Q

What is a Ischemic stroke?

A

Clot stops blood supply to an area of the brain

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10
Q

What do the midbrain and hindbrain contain?

A

Many relay centres for sensory and motor pathways, and are particularly important in the brains control of skeletal movements

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11
Q

What does the Telecephalon and Diencephalon contain?

A

The forebrain (thalamus + hypothalamus)

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12
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

The right and left hemispheres, connected internally by the corpus callous. Performs most of what re considered to be higher functions of the brain

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13
Q

What are the four lobes in the cerebrum?

A

Occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, Parietal lobe

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14
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Motor control

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15
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Vision, and co-ordination of eye movements

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16
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Perception of somatesthethic sensation - sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon and joint receptors.

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17
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Interpretation and association of auditory and visual information

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18
Q

What is the Insula?

A

A region buried within the lateral sulcus - the division between the frontal and temporal lobes.

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19
Q

What is the insula implicated in?

A

Encoding memory, integration of sensory information with visceral responses. Receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and somatosensory (mainly pain) information.

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20
Q

What is Cerebral Lateralization?

A

Each cerebral hemisphere receives different input, but the two hemispheres communicate with each other via the corpus callosum

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21
Q

When has the corpus callosum been cut?

A

Been surgically cut in some people with severe epilepsy as a way of alleviating their symptoms

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22
Q

What did specifically designed experiments reveal?

A

That each hemisphere is good at certain types tasks and poor at others

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23
Q

What do the spheres lead to?

A

“Handedness”

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24
Q

What does damage to the right?

A

Difficulty with spacial concepts, maps

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25
Q

What does damage to the left?

A

Severe speech problems, though interestingly may leave the ability to sing unaffected

26
Q

What is “handlessness”?

A

Applicable to ~97% of people.

27
Q

What do SSRI’s do?

A

Allow serotonin to hang out in the synapse longer

28
Q

Describe the events of Neurotransmitters, SSRIs and mood disorders?

A

1.) Message is sent across synaptic gap

2.) Message is received; excess seratonin molecules are reabsorbed by sending neurons

3.) Prozac partially blocks normal reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin; excess serotonin in synapse enhances its midd-lifting effect

29
Q

Who is Kim Peek?

A

He has no corpus callosum and can remember every page he reads of over 9000 books

30
Q

What do 68% of the population have an IQ distribution of?

A

Between 85 and 115

31
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Sheet of grey matter tissue that covers the cerebrum (and cerebellum), divided into left and right hemispheres. Especially important in emotion and memory

32
Q

What happens to people who have damage to the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Experience severe impulsive behaviour verging on sociopathic

33
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

Relay centre through which all sensory information (except smell) passes on the way to the cerebrum

  • Promotes alertness and causes arousal from sleep in response to any sufficiently strong sensory stimulus
34
Q

What is the Epithalamus?

A

Dorsal segment, contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin (helps maintain circadian rhythms)

35
Q

How many parts of the diencephalon is the thalamus?

A

4/5ths

36
Q

What is the Epithalamus of the Diencephalon?

A

The dorsal segment, also contains the pineal gland which secretes the hormone melatonin to help regulate circadian rhythms

37
Q

Where does the Hypothalamus sit above?

A

The optic chiasm

38
Q

What part of the diencephalon is the hypothalamus?

A

The most inferior portion - site of master circadian rhythm clock (superchiasmatic nucleus)

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

“Daily” body processes such as
- Hunger, thirst, regulation of body temperature
- Hormone secretion from the pituitary gland
- Contributes to the regulation of wake and sleep

40
Q

What does the midbrain and hindbrain contain?

A

Many relay centres for sensory and motor pathways, and are particularly important in the brain’s control of skeletal muscles

41
Q

Where are cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons highly concentrated in?

A

The midbrain

42
Q

What does the midbrain have?

A

2 systems of dopaminergic neurons that project to other areas of the brain

43
Q

What is the first system?

A

Nigrostriatal dopamine system, involved in motor control

44
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease caused by?

A

The degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra

45
Q

What is the second system?

A

The mesolimbic system, involved in emotional reward

46
Q

What do alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana and morphine promote?

A

The activity of these dopaminergic neurons and plays a role in addiction

47
Q

What can overactivity in the mesolimbic system cause?

A

Schizophrenia

48
Q

What percentage of people get schizophrenia?

A

40% of men, and 23% of women and the condition is tyowially manifested before the age of 19

49
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

The cerebellum

50
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The 2nd largest structure of the brain with over 50 million neurons and grey and white matter

51
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Monitors and refines motor activity initiated elsewhere

52
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive input?

A

From proprioceptors (joint, tendon, muscle receptors) and together with signals from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, it participates in coordination of movement

53
Q

What is another component of the hindbrain?

A

The medulla

54
Q

What passes through the medulla?

A

All ascending and descending fiber tracts providing communication between spinal cord and brain must pass through the medulla

55
Q

Why must it pass through the medulla?

A

It is required for regulation of breathing, CV responses (vital senses)

56
Q

What is Attention and Awarness?

A

Mental process in which concentrate in a specific object, issue or activity and exclude other environmental stimuli

57
Q

What does Autism affect?

A

Speech, motor skill and social interaction

58
Q

What does the Courchesne Theory of Overstimulation suggest?

A

Autistic children can seem antisocial because they shun external stimulation, since the cerebellum cannot take it

59
Q

Why do children with Autism get stuck in repetitive behaviour?

A

Because it is “calming” the easily over stimulated brain

60
Q

What is Asperger syndrome?

A

Hyper focus, mild movement disorder, lack of social cues

61
Q

What is Pervasive Developmental Disorder?

A

Some range of the same things

BIOM*3200 (8 decks)

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