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Parasitology > Lecture 8 and 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Host for cooperia

A

Cattle, sheep, goats

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2
Q

Location of cooperia

A

Small intestines

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3
Q

Morphology of cooperia

A
  • Small worms
  • The cuticle of the anterior end forms a small cephalic swelling
  • Bursa is large, the dorsal ray is divided into two branches which may be parallel or curved
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4
Q

cooperia eggs

A
  • Think shelled
  • Many cells
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5
Q

PPT of cooperia

A

12-17 days

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6
Q

Infection of the host with cooperia

A
  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture
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7
Q

Where does cooperia located environmentally

A
  • Cattle
  • Tropical
  • Subtropical costal regions
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8
Q

When are eggs of cooperia detected

A
  • As young as 3-4 weeks and at 8 weeks high eggs can be seen
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9
Q

When is the number of cooperia large

A
  • Largest number of larvae on pasture are in late summer and early autumn
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10
Q

When do animals develop resistance to cooperia

A
  • Calves: 6-8 months
  • There is ususlaly no problem after 12 months
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11
Q

Pathology of cooperia

A
  • Inflammation of the mucosa and destruction of the tips of the villi; errosion of the epithelium -> seepage of fluid and albumin into the intestinal lumen -> ascities and submandibular oedema
  • Profuse mucous/fibrino-nectotic exudate covers the intestinal wall becomes thick
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12
Q

Clinical signs of cooperia

A
  • Common in dairy and beef 2- 12 months of age
  • Late summer and autumn
  • Clinical signs start within 3 seeks after infestation
  • Anorexia, intermitted, drofuse diarrhoea, dehydration, rapid weight loss, emaciation
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13
Q
A

cooperia

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14
Q
A

cooperia

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15
Q
A

cooperia

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16
Q

Location of bunostomum

A

Small intestine

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17
Q
A

bunostomum

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18
Q
A

bunostomum

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19
Q

Morphology of bunostomum

A
  • Anterior end is bent dorsally
  • The buccal capsule is big and bears
    • Ont the dorsal margin a dorsal cone
    • On the ventral margin margin a pair of cutting plates
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20
Q

What do the eggs of bunostomum look like

A
  • Thin shelled, morula stage
  • Infestion of the host with L3
    • Skin penetration
    • Ingestion of pastures
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21
Q
A

bunostomum

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22
Q

Epidemiology of bunostomum in cattle

  • Distribution
  • Season
  • Animal
  • Calveds
A
  • Distribution: summer rainfall areas of coastal QLD and northern NSW
  • Season: larvae common during the warm wet season
  • High prevelance in dairy cows, associated with high stocking rate and poor hygiene
  • Calves develop strong resistance to reinfection -> infections are eliminated in animals older than a year
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23
Q

Pathology of bunostomum

A
  • Feeding: blood and plugs of the intestinal mucosa
  • Intestinal mucosa becomes inflammed and thickened, with punctiform haemorrhages -> haemorrhagic enteritis
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24
Q

Clinical signs of bunostomum

A
  • Dairy claves 5-12 months
  • Seen in autumn and winter and winter and spring
  • Anaemia, weakness, anorexia, black diarrhoea, weight loss, submandibular oedema ect
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25
Q

Where do nematodirus locate

A

Small intestines

26
Q
A

nematodirus

27
Q
A

nematodirus

28
Q
A

nematodirus

29
Q

Eggs of nematodirus

A
  • Very large: 160-260um, Big blastomeres
  • Reduced numbersof blastomeres (4-8)
  • Development to the infective stage (L3) takes place inside the eggs
30
Q

Infection of host nematodirus

A

Infestion of L3 with pasture

31
Q

PPT of nematodirus

A
  • 15-20 days
32
Q

Epidemiology of nematodirus

A
  • Stimulatenous appearance of large numbers of the larvae on the pasture
  • Eggs can survive on pastures for over a year
  • It is a lamb to lamb disease, ewes have a minor role
  • Lambs become very resistant to reinfection
  • Present in summer and winter rainfall areas but it seems to do little harm under Australian conditions
33
Q

Where do chabertia ovina locate

A

Large intestine in sheep and goats

34
Q

What temperature do eggs develop

A

6-36 degrees

  • Winter and rainfall areas
35
Q
A

chabertia ovina

36
Q
A

chabertia ovina

37
Q
A

chabertia ovina

38
Q
A

chabertia ovina

39
Q

Where do oesophagostumum locate

A
  • Large intestine
40
Q
A

oesophagostumum

41
Q
A

oesophagostumum

42
Q
A

oesophagostumum

43
Q

What deos oesophagostumum have

A

Cephalic vesicle presnet

44
Q

Infection of host with oesophagostumum

A
  • L3 enters the mucosa of any part of the intestine -> gets enclosed within nodules -> moults to L4 -> L4 emergest from nodules -> lumen of the LI -> moult to adults
45
Q

Clinicals signs of oesophagostumum

A
  • Anorexia, diarrhoea, illthrift
46
Q
A

oesophagostumum

47
Q
A

oesophagostumum

48
Q

Clincial signs of oesophagostumum radiatum

A
  • Anorexia
  • Unthriftiness
  • Intermittent diarrhoea
  • Anaemia
  • Emaciation
49
Q

General signs of GIS

A
  • Infections with large numbers of infectice larvae over a short time
  • Infections are mixed
  • Young animals are ususally affected
  • Anorexia, weightloss, anaemia, diarrhoea, dehydration, oedema
50
Q

What are the manifestations of resistance in adults with GIS

A
  • Expulsion
  • Changes in morphology
  • Fecundity
51
Q

What is the manifestation of resistance of larvae with GIS

A
  • Hypobiosis
  • Failure to establish
52
Q

Explain immunity to oestertagia ostertagia

A
  • No age resistance/immunity
  • Develops slowly and repeted infections over a prolonged time
  • Increased resistance in age with cattle and it is less common in sheep
53
Q

What is premunition

A
  • Presence of the stable population of adult worms in the digestive tract tends to block further infection/maturation of the larvae -> removal of this stable population by treatment
54
Q

What is self cure

A
  • Spontaneous elimination of the population of adult worms after heavy infections carried out in short time
55
Q

When doing Ante-mortem what to look for

A
  • Clinical signs
  • History
    • Age
    • Season
    • Grazing management
    • Anthelmintic treatments
  • Labatory confirmation
    • Presence of large number of eggs
    • Eggs
56
Q

Factors thats might affect/limit the significance of the fecal egg count

A
  • Parasites
    • Species
    • Immature parasites dont lay eggs but can ba pathogenic
    • Eggs of most GIS look the same so it is diffucult to determine the parasite species that infect the animals
  • Host
    • Resistance of host
    • Faecal eggs counts are less useful for cattle for sheep
  • Others
    • Number of samples collected
    • Floatation time
57
Q

Why do we do faecal cultures

A
  • Mixed infection
  • Different aothogenicities
58
Q

Test for infection with haemonchus controrus

A
  • Famacha
    • Classify the colour of the conjunctivae to grade anaemia
    • Allow targeted selective treatment -> prevent development of chemo resistance
  • Haemostix/dipstick
    • Detection of blood in faeces
    • Effective before eggs appear in the faeces
59
Q
A
60
Q

Test for infection with Ostertagia

A

Blood pepsinogen and gastrin values

61
Q

What is the objectives of control

A
  • Reduce the adverse effects of gastro-intestinal nematode infections on poductions by methofd that are feasible and profitable
62
Q

What are the control methods

A
  • Anthelmintic treatment
  • Grazing management
  • Integrated control
  • Curative treaments
  • Empirical treatments
  • Supressive treatements
  • Strategic treatments
  • Tactical treatments

Parasitology (9 decks)

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