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Parasitology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology of Bovicola Ovis

A

Head is broad, read

Dark, transverse bands

Feeding: all stages are feeding on epidermal scales, scurf, dried serum, bacteria, suint and other skin debris

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2
Q

Biology of Bovicola ovis

A
  • All stages found on the host
  • In the environment lice do not survive too long
  • Lifecycle stages: egg, 3 nymphal stages, adults
  • At 37 degrees and 68% relative humidity the lifecycle is completed in 32-34
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3
Q

Where do most lice stay with Bovicola ovis

A

Mostly stay near the skin

Shearing can cause

  • The loss of 35%-50% of lice that are present in spring
  • Can render the microclimate of the remaining 6mm of wool for unsuitable for lice
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4
Q

What are the effects of temperature on Bovicola Ovis

A
  • D. Ovis prefer to remain in the parts of the fleece that have a temperature of 37.5 +/- 2.5 that is the most favourable temperature for oviposition, feeding and development
    • Lice and their eggs are killed by temperatures more than 45 degrees
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5
Q

What are the effects of humidity on Bovicola ovis

A
  • Immersion in water for 6hr is lethal
  • Periodic rains can cause considerable mortality of sheep biting lice
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6
Q

What is the epidemiology of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Specific to sheep but can tranfer and reproduce in goats
  • All sheep are susceptible to lice infestation
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7
Q

Transmission of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Direct contact
  • Indirect - sheering
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8
Q

What are the sources of infection of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Introduced sheep
  • Stray sheep
  • Sheep not properly treated
  • Lice spread slowly throughout the flock
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9
Q

What are dynamics of lice populations of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Spring shorn flocks: lice populations generally increase in winter and spring and fall during the summer
    • Effects of shearing
    • High summer temerature
    • Solar radiation
    • Heavy rainfall
    • Sheep are not shorn in spring
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10
Q

Bovicola ovis: spatial distribution of lice in sheep

A
  • At most times of the year the populations of lice are highest on the back and along slides
  • After shearong a greater proportion of the population is found under the neck, lower flanks and upper legs
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Irritation - rubbing, scratiching and biting wool
  • Reduce quality or quantity of the wool
  • Lice detection
    • Light infestations is difficult
    • Fleece derangement
    • Visual inspection
    • Detection of lice antigens at shearing
      • Use debris that accumulate under sherer’s handpiece
      • ELISA or immunochrographic
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What another name for Lingnathus pedalis

A

Foot louse

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14
Q

What is the morphology of Lingnathus pedalis

A
  • Head is short, about as broad as long, not prolonged in front of the antennae
  • The lice occurs in clusters, usually at low population level on hairy parts of sheep foot
  • In heavy infestations -> clusters above the hock, on the scrotum in the belly wool, rarely on the face
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15
Q

What is the clinical signs of Lingnathus pedalis

A
  • Mostly in young lambs and rams
  • Indirect infestation possible
  • Population peak in winter
  • Stamping and biting of affected parts
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16
Q

Lingnathus ovillus is also know as

A

Face louse

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17
Q

What is the morphology of Lingnathus ovillus

A
  • Head is broad but twice as long as wide
  • Life cycle completed in 5 weeks
  • Usually found on the hairy parts of the sheeps face
  • As the louse population increases in the winter they spread to other parts of the body
18
Q

What is another name for Lingnathus africanus

A

Post antennal alteral margina are extended

19
Q

How to eradicate lice

A
  • Complete muster must be conducted
  • Avoid split shearing
  • Treat or quarantine introduced sheep
  • Maintain boundary fences
  • Apply effective chemicals correctly
  • Work with your neighbours
  • To eradicate lice treat ALL sheep effectively within a few days to 4 weeks of shearing
20
Q

What are lice control strategies

A
  • If lice are detected at shearing
    • Treat off shears
  • If lice detected in long wool sheep
    • Do nothing
    • Brong shearing time forward
    • Long wool treatment
    • Long wool treatment reduced the number of lice but will not eradicate lice
21
Q

What drug is resistance common

A
  • Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs)
22
Q
A
23
Q

What is the application of treatment in short wool animals

A
  • Plunge dip, shower dip, cage dip
  • Short-wool blackline treatment
24
Q

What is the application of treatment for long wool sheep

A
  • Hand jet
  • Long-wool backline treatment
25
Q

Explain dipping

A
  • Dip all sheep between 10-14 days and 4-6 weeks off shears
  • 6in1
  • Use disinfectants
  • Sheep must be wet at skin
26
Q

Explain the plunge dip

A
  • Labour intensive
  • Most thorough and robust means of treating shears for lice infestations
  • Swim lenght shoukd ve at least 9 meters
  • Sheep should be fit and in good condition
  • A minimum of 20 second swimmwith two head dunks is required
  • Check sheep are wet the the skin
27
Q

What are the dip methods

A
  • Plunge dip
  • Shower dips
  • Cage dipping ‘fish and chip dipper’
28
Q

What is a short wool backliner

A
  • Easy to use
  • Safer than dips for operators
  • Small volumes applied along the back
  • Most products must be applied within 24h off shears
  • Sheep must be cleanly shorn
29
Q

What are long wool backliners

A
  • Easier and quicker than hand get
  • Potential for chemical residues in wool
  • Expensive
30
Q

Explain how the hand jet works

A
  • Wet sheep to skin level
  • 0.5L fluid per month of wool
  • Slow job, labour intensive
  • Correct pressure of jet is important
  • Onyl temporary control method
31
Q

What are the issues in sheep lice control

A
  • Residues
  • Resistance
  • Occupational health and safety
  • Environmental contamination
32
Q

What is another name for Bovicola bovis

A
  • Cattle chewinf louse
33
Q

What is the epidemiology of Bovicola bovis

A
  • Less important in tropical areas
  • Common on dorsal parts of body
  • Calves and undernourished cattle are most heavily infected
  • Self-grooming important for size of population
  • More abundant in the winter
  • More common on dairy cattle than on beef cattle
  • Transmission: direct contact
34
Q

Bovicola bovis: effects on host

A
  • Irritate the host -> animals rub, scratch, lick themselves -> alopecia, crusting -> damage to the fences
  • Retard the growth of young animals, reduce the milk production
  • Damage to the hides
35
Q

What is the epidemiology of Linognathus vituli

A
  • Up to 2.5 mm long
  • 1st pair of legs smaller than 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs
  • Heaviest infestation: neck, withers and dewlap
  • More common on dairy cows, especially calves
  • In heavy infestations on young calves: anemia, loss of hair, alopecia
36
Q

What is another name for Solenopotes capillatus

A
  • Little blue cattle louse
37
Q

What is the epidemiology of Solenopotes capillatus

A
  • Up to 1.5mm long
  • 1st pair of legs smaller than 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs
  • Spiracles on tubercules which protude from abdomen
  • Location: commonly found in clusters on the neck, head, dewlap
38
Q

Explain the epidemiology of haematopinus

A
  • Up to 3.5mm long
  • Location: face, around the eyes, base of the horns, neck and dewlap, base of the tail ect -> heavy infestations may occur anywhere
  • Cause of anaemia
39
Q

Explain the epidemiology of Haematopinus quadripertusus

A
  • Up to 4.5mm long
  • Location: mainly on the tail byt also around the eyes and ears
  • Present in tropical QLD and likely in NT, WA
40
Q

How to control lice

A
  • Lice infestations are usually supressed in herds that are regularly treated for flies, ticks ect
  • Generally the insecticides are not active against eggs -> depending on the residual activity of the particular products repeat the treatment after 10-14 dyas
  • Treat late autumn/early winter to prevent the development of heavy infestations
  • Treat all cattle on property

Parasitology (9 decks)

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