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World Cities > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

How urbanized is sub saharan Africa?

A

• One of the least urbanized (37% urban dwellers)

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2
Q

Are there high growth rates in SSA?

A

Very high rates of growth especially in East Africa.

○ Growth rate hasn’t been able to keep upwith infrastructure rate so there arent many places for services

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3
Q

What has happened to SSA in terms of globalization?

A 
Huge inequalities (economic globalization left it behind)
○ SSA cities left behind in globalization with an exploited relationship with other nations
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4
Q

What is the historical view of SSA?

A
  • Nile valley region (one of first urban hearths)

* SSA cities started growing in the lateer phases 1000AD and later

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5
Q

What are the different historical periods of SSA?

A

• Ancient or medieval precolonial period (pre-1800)

• Period of the trans-Atlantic slave trade or European trade and exploration (1440 to 1850)
○ Almost all coutnried in afirca become ruled by another power

  • Period of formal colonial rule (1850-independence)
  • Postcolonial period (~1960+)
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6
Q

Who was said to be the richest man in SSA?

A

Mansa musa led a huge empire (muslim imfluencing empire), visited mecca to do the pilgramage and took a lot of people and slaves as he went and gave out gold to cities along the way
○ Actually casues economic depressions in places where he went

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7
Q

Where are the important centres in SSA?

A
  • Important center Timbuktu (Mali) and Benin city (Nigeria)
  • Central africa and east/south east african cities had vast empires and really well connected to other parts of the world
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8
Q

Where was the city of stone?

A

Great Zimbabwe

City of stone in medvile times

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9
Q

What was colonization in SSA based on?

A

Urbanization based on resource exploitation

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10
Q

Where were the first trading posts in SSA during colonization?

A

First trading posts on the coast
• E.g. St Louis est. in 1440 at mouth of Senegal River by the Portuguese
• Dutch, French, British (different waves of empires)
• Trading: gold, ivory and slaves (biggest products 40 million people shipped)

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11
Q

What is the European scramble?

A

European Scramble for Africa (1880-1914) continent was divided up between European powers (British, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Belgian, Spanish)

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12
Q

What 2 countries were not under European rule?

A

Liberia and ethiopia

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13
Q

What did segregation look like in SSA?

A
  • Severe limits placed on residency in urban areas for Africans
  • Little or no provision of urban services to African areas even when investing heavily in European areas of the city
  • Locals would have to live outside of the city, sometimes very far away because europeans didn’t want to be near them
    • Legacy is imprinted into these cities
    • Segregation by race turned into segregation by class now in these cities
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14
Q

What was urbanization under colonialism in SSA?

A
  • First wave cities were Mostly port cities but some like Nairobi, Kampala, Salisbury (Harare) were inland cities
    • Later on they built cities further in land
  • Focus on export of minerals, metals, and primary goods
  • Little real industrialization occurred
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15
Q

What as SSA like post colonial urbanization?

A

Eastern and southern African countries had highest urbanization rates in world (>5% from 1950 to 1995, currently between 3% and 5%

Some BUT no substantial economic transformation of society toward industry and manufacturing
• Means they havent vbeen able to keep up with infrasturcture and provision of services, they just cant keep up

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16
Q

What are the different types of cities in SSA?

A
  • Indigenous city
  • Islamic City
  • European City
  • Colonial City
  • Dual city
  • Hybrid
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17
Q

What are the current trends in urbanization in SSA?

A

Two world cities: Johannesburg & Cape Town (well integratded into global system)

Lagos is largest city (which country is it located in?) has highest population?

Lots of primate cities (except for South Africa)
○ Development of primate at expense of other cities
○ Administration, transport, communications, educations, industrial functions concentrated here

Some planned cities (e.g. Dodoma, Lilongwe)

18
Q

What are common features in SSA cities?

A
  1. Dual cities
  2. Traffic congestion
  3. Markets
  4. Informal economy- really big here
  5. Infrastructure gap
    Urban agriculture
19
Q

What are dual cities?

A

• Wealth disparities between the 2 sides
• Satrted with colonist, now dominated by local elite
• Have part: people and places that are much better integrated into the world economy
○ Other sidee there is a clear difference, people no having a lot of money, not stable environmnt, little services. Resiliance and creatice individuals
○ Shanty towns
• Aka Splintering urbanism
• Kibera one of the biggest slums in SSA, in nairobi

20
Q

What is traffic like in SSA?

A

Huge traffic congestion
○ is a big reason

Limited (public) transport systems
○ E.g. Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit

21
Q

What is organized chaos?

A

Public transport following the “organized chaos” principle

• Can still get places but it will take you forever

22
Q

What is at the centre of urban life?

A

Markets are what define a city

Open air market most common type, fairly informal or can be informal

23
Q

Are SSA cities benefiting from their raw resources?

A

Even though Ghana has fossil fuels to extract, th elocals don’t have easy accesss or have to wait a long time to get it

24
Q

What is the informal economy like in SSA?

A

Small-scale, low-technology manufacturing, petty trading, informal service provision
○ Only place where they can make some kind of living

Result of multiple factors: structural adjustment programs, colonialism

Most formal sector works supplement income with part-time informal-sector jobs such as cab driving or petty trading

Highly gendered division of labour
○ More females in informal sector than males

25
Q

What is the infrastructure gap in SSA cities?

A

Failing infrastructure and basic urban services
○ Lack of solid waste disposal
○ Lack of decent sanitation and clean water access
○ Lack of decent and affordable housing
○ People are left to their own devices to look after themselves

Increasing inequalities (with increase liberalization, privatization)
-Those who can afford the services will enjoy them but most can not participate
26
Q

Are cities affected by floods?

A

Drought (water shortages)

Flood risks (severe flooding in Dar es Salaam)
	○ Both poor and well off parts of time are affected by both of these
	○ Probably both will become more accute with climate change
27
Q

How is SSA supposed to solve their infrastructure problem?

A

All the solutions will be dependent on behavioural change, also depends on education on garbage and water conservation

28
Q

What is a new trend for those living in SSA cities?

A

Gated communities

• Consumes a lot of gas, might help out housing situation of well to do people but not those who cant afford it

29
Q

What are SSA cities leaders in?

A

Urban agriculture

30
Q

How is urban ag incorporated into SSA?

A

• Revise African models to include urban cultivation
• Houses no longer mono-functional units (they are also economic enterprises)
○ Multiple types of activies are happening, growin crops raising animals etc
• Public –sector efficiency takes a dive when they are involved with multiple informal jobs

31
Q

What is the problem with urban ag?

A

Pollutants in disposed waste enter into fruits and vegetables
○ Roma-Ngombe – urban women gardeners utilize a “rich” section of sewage-infested wetland for growing tomatoes, vegetables and sugar can

32
Q

What is migration like in SSA?

A

• Urban-out migration
• Zambia – redistributed land and people left the cities.
○ Land given to people so they con move outside of the city
• Re-localization – cities divide into small village-like self-sufficient pockets [many times cut off from each other]

33
Q

What are ecovillages?

A

Ecovillages: Have access to land water and to earn living

34
Q

What are characteristics of Lagos?

A

Megacity
• SSA’s most populous city: 13 million
• History:
○ Established in 17th century (fishing, farming villages)
○ Slave trade 1786-1851
• Current problems rooted in rapid growth
○ Lots of people going to lago and city officials cant keep up for the demand in services

35
Q

What are the problems facing Lagos?

A
  • Congested traffic
  • Inadequate sanitation (solid-waste management, toxic-waste disposal, environmental health, air and water pollution
  • Housing
  • Social services
  • Urban decay
  • Insufficient employment opportunities (depresses urban wages)
  • Huge disparity (two contradictory modes of living: Western style, traditional)
36
Q

What % of people lives in Lago’s slums?

A

64%

37
Q

what is the city of gold?

A

Johannesburg

• City was built around gold mines

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Johannesburg?

A
  • Conurbation of Joberg, Ekurhuleni, Tshwane, Vereeniging
  • 11.6 million
  • World city
  • Largest stock exchange, busiest airport, diverse manufacturing sector, dark history
39
Q

How did europeans and locals live together in cities?

A

• Severe separation and segregation
• No natives could live within 112 km of city
○ Workers who provided labour were housed in townships next to th e city
• Internal passport system
• Production wealth appropriated by European minority
○ Even though majority labour provided by african, all wealth went to europeans

40
Q

Who is the apartheid?

A

○ Whites had own part of city and services and local/blacks had separate everything woth worse standards

World Cities (10 decks)

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