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World Cities > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What % urbanization is North America?

A

85%

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2
Q

Where was the birthplace of the megalopolis?

A

North America

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3
Q

What is deindustrializing?

A

○ And decentralizing but still heavily apart of globalization

○ Outsourcing offshore

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4
Q

How old are cities in NA?

A

almost all cities less than 300 years oold

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5
Q

When did the first regions started to grow?

A

around 16-17 hundred

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6
Q

What re the different historical periods of NA?

A
  • Precolonial period (pre 1600)
  • Colonial mercantilism (1600-1840)
  • Industrial capitalism (1840-1970)
  • Post-industrial capitalism (1975-)
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7
Q

When and what happened in the pre colonial period?

A

• Little evidence of significant urbanization
• Permanent settlements arise around 1000CE
○ Indigenous people had a nomadic existence but some permanent settlements but not of the size that we have seen in other regions
• Important centres north of Mexico (Cahokia, Acoma Pueblo, Taos Pueblo)

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8
Q

What is Cahokia?

A

(largest city pre colonial time in NA)
• Economic powerhouse (1050 to 1200 CE)
• Influence extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.
• Population of 20,000 people (1,600 ha with 120 human-made mounds)
• 15km from present day st louis
• Ruled over large territory
• City had differentiated functions (where commoners lived, ceremonial mounds, admin, trading)

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9
Q

What are Acoma and Taos?

A

(further south villages/smaller towns)
• continuously inhabited settlements for a long time (since 11thC)
• Acoma Pueblo (Sky City) built in current form in 1144

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10
Q

What is the colonial mercantilism?

A

1600-1840)
• Spanish, Dutch, French, British ruled over these lands (F and B main powerhouses but other 2 were first)
• Trading for raw materials, and eventually plantations

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11
Q

Where were the first cities located in NA?

A

frist cities on the sea front or along St laurence in canad

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12
Q

What is the physical layout of the first European cities?

A
  • French cities: narrow, winding streets (how they gbuilt)• British, Spanish used the grid (how they built)
  • All walking cities regardless of layout
  • All of them next to water
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13
Q

What is the industrial capitalism?

A

Industrial capitalism (1840-1970)
• First mechanized factory gets going in 1793
• Industrialization results in urbanization (why?)
○ Steam engine powered by coal allows you to make and transport more things
○ Need people to run factories, people drawn to new prospects, hope that the city life will give a better life
• North America’s era of 5%+ growth
○ Because most of NA was Agrarian landscape
• Heavy industry transofrmed landscape

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14
Q

How did transportation networks grow in NA?

A
  • Coal fueled transformation and industrial activity as well as transport
  • Building more cities inland via railroad
  • Extranded natural waterways with canals
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15
Q

What were the new materials introduced in NA?

A
  • Structural steel for highrises/skyscrapers
  • Coal
  • Elevators
  • Building up as opposed to out maintained compact size of cities
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16
Q

What has led to urban sprawl?

A

The automotive

17
Q

What is urban flight?

A
  • Characterized the entire industrial/capatalistic period
  • The movement away from down town is the heart at the front of this movement
  • Elites were able to leave the downtown )squalar) and is also where the factories were built, kind of unappealing
  • Went on steriod with the mass production f cars, so all these individuals could move away
18
Q

What is the post-industrial capitalism (1975-)?

A

Globalization
Deindustrialization
Decentralization

19
Q

What is globalization?

A

Owners of capital realized they didn’t have to pay local workers a lot of money and moved operations else where for cheaper with the same labour (outsource)

20
Q

Deindustrialization?

A

○ Abndoned mills and factories

○ Called rust belt cities

21
Q

What is decentralization?

A

Had previously industral activity and headquarters in the main/central parts of town. As communication tech increased, the industries can decentralize their offices away from CBD and still be well connected to the other businesses

22
Q

What is the 3rd revolution?

A
  • Massive increase in urban populations, the development of megacities and giant metropolitan regions and the global redistribution of economic activities.
  • What were the first and second urban revolutions?
  • Global redistribution of activities
23
Q

What is the reorganization of the economy?

A

Manufacturing (secondary) is transforming into a service economy (tertiary)

24
Q

What are the large scale trends in NA?

A
  • Urban primacy
  • Megalopolis
  • NY is a primate city of the USA, has primacy
  • Fairly balanced network of cities in CANADA
25
Q

How do the urban hierarchies compare to the ideal?

A

Canada distribution is close to the ideal distribution of rank size rule, where as france has primacy and further from the ideal

26
Q

Where was the original megalopolis ?

A
  • NY to Washington movement of people and goods , cities will grow more into eachother to form a megalopolis
  • 50 million people
  • 20% GDP
27
Q

What are the 3 general features of NA cities?

A
  • Grid system (even hilly San Francisco)

* Sprawl

28
Q

What are the 3 main models of city structure we see in NA cities?

A
  • Conocentric
  • Sector
  • Multiple nuclei
29
Q

What is the land use distribution like in NA?

A
  • 30% residential
  • 10% industrial/manufacturing (light manufacturing here)
  • 4% commercial
  • 20% roads and highways (doesn’t even include parking)
  • 15% public land/gov. building/parks ( in cities than most other cities in the world)
  • 20% vacant/underdeveloped
30
Q

What was the Main Street of a city exchanged for?

A
  • Downtowns are falteering because people are going to malls instead of smalelr downtown businesses
  • But now malls are now failing, becoming more like life centers and more is moving online or big box type of malls/strip malls
  • Main street killed in many cities
31
Q

What is an edge city?

A
  • “Edge city” is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area
  • Offices/commercial at interchanges, not in the center, not a lot of residential space
32
Q

What will be the end of suburbia?

A

• When fossil fuels run out then what?
• Will empty gas tanks end suburbia?
• Wll see a transformaiton of suburbua, different types of planning, build up areas. Where there is open space could turb them into more local produciton engines like growing more of oyuur own food and electricity
○ Retrosuburbia, more retroform of living
• Trying to reminagine the downtown/older areas and making sure they don’t fall apart

33
Q

What is a hyper-diverse city?

A
  • % of foreign-born residents exceeds the national level and where there is no dominant immigrant group
  • Diversity strengthens cities
34
Q

What is a segregated city?

A
  • Segregated by race, ethnicity, socio-economic status
  • Minorities are concerned about police profiling and violence.
  • Very apparent in US cities and some parts in Canada
  • Minorities have decreease level of servieces and infrastructure
35
Q

Why is NYC a global metropolis?

A
  • Financial and cultural capital of US if not the world
  • Very diverse economy with manufacturing, transportation, financial, commercial, creative industries (music, fashion, design)
  • Hyperdiverse- flow of people from around the world
36
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

• High rates of gentrification (led by private and municipal interests)
○ May lead to fragmentation, outprice long-term locals
• Conversion of lower income areas into newer and more expensive area

37
Q

How do cities prepare for climate change?

A 
Building on higher ground
Building green infrastructure
Investing in water purification
Storm protection
Ways to work with nature to slow down the effects and cut down the damages they cause
38
Q

What are climate change problems facing cities?

A

Will make cities even hotter
Abandonment
Water pollution

World Cities (10 decks)

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