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World Cities > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the GME urbanization?

A
  • Market
  • Bedestan – covered market
  • Tells – hills
  • Wadi – riverbed
  • Maghreb – Western North Africa
  • Kasbah - citadel
  • Medina – city
  • Gecekondu
  • Ashwaiyyat
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2
Q

What are the different terms for market?

A
  • Bazaar (Persian)
  • Pazar (Turkish
  • Souks (Arabic)
  • Shuks (Hebrew)
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3
Q

Where do the Stans belong too?

A

• Some of the stans are with Russia now and are more tied to Asia and Moscow then towards the middle east proper.

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4
Q

What ties all the GME countries together?

A

• What ties all these countries together is the important rule of islam. Historically they were linked with ancient trade routes

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5
Q

What % of this region is urbanized?

A

62%

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6
Q

Where is the birthplace of urbanization?

A

GME

- UR comes from the ancient city of ur.

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7
Q

Where is the first cityS found?

A

1st cities of the world are fouund in mezapotamia (present day isreal, jerioco and turkey).
• As well as egypt aand along the nile is the second wave of urbanization

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8
Q

How many people were in cities when they were first starting?

A

• Most cities of antiquity only held 2000 to 20,000 people; cities were relgious, adminstrative and political in nature

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9
Q

Are the ancient city names the same as today?

A

• Modern name for most ancient cities in the GME. These are not very modern cities

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10
Q

When was the city of Çatalhöyük, Turkey founded?

A

6500 BC was a happening place (9000 years ago)

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11
Q

How many people were in Çatalhöyük, Turkey?

A

50,000 people at that time, one of the first big settlements. Agricultural people were starting to grow crops and piling go

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12
Q

What evolved first, urbanization or civilization?

A

Both evolved hand in hand

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of urbanization and civilization in the GME?

A 
Large harvest
Storing food and other possessions from larger harvest 
Not enough water
Lots of people living together
Wave of empires
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14
Q

Why is a large harvest important?

A

• storage (pottery, etc), trade grows because there are multiple centers

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15
Q

Why is storing food and other possessions from larger harvest important?

A
  • writing and record-keeping
  • accounting
  • banking
  • fortification/watchtowers
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16
Q

Why is not enough water important?

A

• Irrigation, store water on the landscape so you can water your crops

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17
Q

Why is people living together important?

A
  • larger buildings, densely built area

* codified laws

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18
Q

What are the different kinds of empires?

A 
• Greek
• Roman
• Byzantine
• Islamic empires 
	§ Umayyids 
	§ Abbasids
	§ Fatimids
	§ Ottomans
		□ Series of different kinds of empires
• Europeans
• Americans
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19
Q

What are the 3 shared characteristics of the GME?

A

Physical geography (arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean)

Cultural geography dominated by the influence/presence of Islam

Relative location between three continents: middle. The situaiton in between europe, asia and africa

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20
Q

Why is there a fresh water deficiency in the GME?

A
  • Total withdrawal as percentar of total water aviaable (aquifers, rivers etc.)
  • Little rain
  • Scorching temperature
  • Desert winds
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21
Q

What are the main religions in the GME?

A
  • Judaism
  • Christianity - important for shorter periods of time in various countries
  • Islam ( most important in the region) dominant religion since 700AC
22
Q

What was traded in the GME?

A
  • E-W & N-S routes pass through it
  • Food/fabrics
  • Gold/copper
  • Spices/perfumes
  • Frankincense/myrrh
23
Q

How did cities develop in the GME?

A
  • Some of the cities in the area got their power from being on these important trade routes
  • Golf cities in the gulf are important in the new world with finacnes and stuff
24
Q

What are traditional middle easter city influenced by?

A
  • Trade: has lots of markets and basic manufacturing and craft industry
  • Cultural imprint of islam
  • Physical geography: how they build their homes, more inward looking/introverted.
    • Most had a court yeard with a well for cooling in the area
25
Q

What is the definition of site?

A

peninsula (Istanbul); oasis (Damascus); hilltop (Aleppo; spring (Tehran); harbor (Beirut) (why there were picked in that location)

26
Q

What is the definition of situation?

A

(wider context): change in trade route because of Suez Canal (1869)

27
Q

Which GME cities have primacy?

A

• Gulf states and central Asian countries = lot of primacy in these countries

28
Q

Which cities have dual primacy in the GME?

A

• Yemen, Syria, Libya, Israel (dual primacy)

29
Q

What city structure is Morocco and Iran?

A

complex city structure. Distribution closer to rank size. Rule

30
Q

What are the biggest cities today in the GME?

A
  • Cairo (18 million)
  • Istanbul (14 million): receives lots of immigrants from countryside and syria
  • Tehran (8 million)
31
Q

What are the 2 drivers of urbanization in the Middle East?

A

population growth

Migration

32
Q

How does a population grow?

A

○ Health and diet has improved (lower death rate)
○ Relative lower educational status of the peasants in cities (high birth rate)
-City peoplea re able to icnrease educational status and the birth rate would go down in city life. The cities have not increased the similar decrease in birtdhda rate as other North american cities have

33
Q

What is migration?

A

○ Internal (to cities) vs international (fleeing another country)

○ Voluntary vs involuntary

34
Q

what is the structure of the middle eastern metropolis?

A

Citadel( is the center of the city with walls around I with palace)

Old City(walled, whrere the population lived)

Colonial City( colonizers built onto th eancient cities, with the european way of building, aka the enw city)

Postcolonial City/Modern city (post war era, ideas coming in from the global area and architects coming in from everywhere 1950-2000),

Future City (area where the cities are growing rapidly right now, present day)

35
Q

What are the 4 axis?

A
  • Social axis
  • Housing axis
  • Commercial axis
  • Transportation axis
36
Q

What are the characteristics of urban landscapes in the GME?

A

• Temperature mediation in traditional and modern design

• Religious imprint
○ 12 religious and 5 behavioural principles on how houses have been designed

• Markets- where people come together to buy and sell stuff

37
Q

How do you regulate climate in the GME?

A
  • What did people do before AC? Internal looking building, water well in the courtyeard for regulation of heat and cooling. Sun evaporates water and cool down the area.
  • Build compact buildings with little gaps for the suns rays to get in, so that the rays don’t make it to the street level
38
Q

What are the religious principles?

A

Interdependence, privacy, respect for the property of others, minimum width of streets

39
Q

What are the behavioural guidelines?

A

Cleanliness, public awareness and trust, respect and mutual obligation

40
Q

What are the 2 mays cities provide housing?

A

Informal and formal ownership

41
Q

What is formal ownership?

A

Formal ownership that you own and are going to take care of the building
• Average person don’t live in detached homes
• Apartments and condos and a lot of semi detached and low-rise walk ups a lot of people lived there

42
Q

What is informal ownership?

A

Mid to high rise is where the bulk of populaiton live but a lot of people live in informal housing. People coming in are very poor. Building the house without permission

43
Q

What is Gecekondu?

A

• Houses built without permission, not a lot of safety
○ Instead of pusing the people out they are trying to make it more safe and they have all the servives they need and turning it into a more formal cities. Trying to work with the people who live here
• Comprise over half of buildings in Istanbul

44
Q

What is Ashwaiyyat?

A

Built illegally in Cairo, often on agricultural land, they are unrecognized by the state and do not receive the services that formally recognized areas do, such as public schools and hospitals.

45
Q

Are refugee camps formal or informal?

A

Refugee camps are informal but the authorities are the ones making these places available. More temporary housing.

As of 2015, there were 4 million refugees from Syria. Turkey has taken in almost 2 million, with many housed in camps like this one near Karkamish on the border with the self-proclaimed Islamic State, now in control of northern Syria.

46
Q

What are the different forms of formal housing?

A 
• Low rise
	○ Detached housing
	○ Row housing
	○ Would mostly see people live here in GME an 
• Mid-rise
	○ 3-5 story walk-up apartments
	○ Would mostly see people live here in GME
• High rise
6+ stories (apartments, condos)
47
Q

What are the different forms of informal housing?

A
  • Squatting

* Migrant tent cities ( lots in GME)

48
Q

How do cities quench their thirst?

A
  • Ground water aquifers can be sucked dry

* GME is really dry and doesn’t have a lot of surface water

49
Q

What are the problems with desalination?

A

takes a lot of energy to run, seawater (brine) that gets left behind can ruin the ecology of the area

Their water infratructure isnt very good and it costs money to put these systems. People are not well off and the water rates are low and they arent conserving as much water as they could

50
Q

Why do people invest in desalination tech?

A

• These countries invest in this tech because they don’t have the resources othewise to give the city fresh water

51
Q

What are the alternatives to desalination for fresh water?

A

• Places with moisture in the are, we can try and take the water out of the air and make the water condence

52
Q

How do cities energize themselves?

A

• Fossil fuels on the way out so we need to go towards something else
• GME does care about what happens next after fossil fuels, they know that that day will come for them
-They are starting with a lot of solar pannels

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