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World Cities > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What % urbanization is South Asia?

A

30%

-some of the least urbanized

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2
Q

What % urbanization is south east Asia?

A

47%

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3
Q

What is the history of South Asia in terms of urbanization?

A

Indus Valley era (3000 to 1500 BC)

Aryan Hindus (since 1500 BC)

Dravidians (since 200 BC) (hindu city building)

Muslims (since 8th century)

Europeans (since 15th century)

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4
Q

Why is the city of Pataliputra important?

A

○ On Ganges plain

○ Laid out based on four caste social system along with requisite royal administrative features. Important feautre of social system, had strong impact on city layuout

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5
Q

What are the 4 castes from Pataliputra?

A

Brahmins (priests),
Kshatriyas (warriors),
Vaishyas (commercial/agriculture), Sudras (manual labour),
Dalits, people without caste))

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6
Q

How can we relate castes to city zones?

A

Center of town prietst were thee, in east hwere richest of the merchants, south were governements and suberintendends, vaishyas also kind of in the south, sudras were in the west with the dalites. North were the rest of the artisans and the rest of the brahmins

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7
Q

What is the Dravidian temple citiy?

A

• South of India
• Temples and water tanks as nuclei of habitation
○ Temples and religion were very important and drove the building of the religious temples

• Around them commercial bazaars and settlements of priests and scholars

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8
Q

What is the muslim impact on S/SE Asia?

A

Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) on a river
○ Named after Emperor
Shah Jahan, big into building structures, city and monuments to rival europeans
○ Built famous tomb for his wife (taj mahal )
○ Today, densely populated with
Hindus and Muslims

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9
Q

What is the red fort?

A

Important feature of indian nationalsm, built by one of the earlier rulers in india

Old Delhi. This is Delhi’s most prominent historical landscape, the Red Fort (red sandstone), the citadel of Delhi, built in the1600s by Shah Jahan (Moghul Empire), as a rival of the splendor that marked Versailles. Shah Jahanabad is today’s Old Delhi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The map helps to interpret the photo by showing the spatial layout of Old Delhi (see the walls of the old city?) and the citadel (Red Fort or ‘castle’) on the eastern side. India’s new currency features the Red Fort, which illustrates its role in nation-building.

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10
Q

Why was the Taj Mahal built?

A

It was commissioned in 1632 by theMughal emperor,Shah Jahan(reigned from 1628 to 1658), to house thetombof his favourite wife,Mumtaz Mahal

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11
Q

When colonialism happened in S/SE Asia where did they establish cities?

A

• Centered on port cities (Bombay, Madras, Calcutta[India], Singapore, etc) only built those casue they were coming from ships and weere all along the coast

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12
Q

What are the 3 presidency towns in India?

A

Mumbai, madras and kalcutta were the capitals of these presidecy towns

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13
Q

When europeans invaded, was there a divide between them and locals?

A

Two standards (one for European and one for “natives”) within the city, euros with the higher standards
• Rich and poor people (servants) lived side by side because of service
○ Poor lived close to rich cause they were the servants of the rich
○ Colonizers had the servants mostly

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14
Q

As we ar getting into the 20th C and colonial era, what as South east Asia done to become more with it?

A
  • Big difference is the huge coastline (huge maritime trade, more diverse population)
    • Before Europeans, Indians and Chinese exerted influence on region
    • Network of coastal (trade) and inland (sacred/temple) cities
    • People are getting around differently (land vs sea), but dominated by maritime trade
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15
Q

What are the different models of urban structures?

A

• Traditional cities grouw around
○ Bazaar-based: markets, buy and selling
○ Sacred city: temples
• Colonial cities: started by euros
• Planned city (political and administrative, industrial centres): more moodern creation but also beforehad like shanjaraba in india
• Desakota (new urban form?)

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16
Q

What 2 principal urban structures have combined to form South and South East Asian cities?

A

Colonial

Traditional

-Together have created the varied forms in any city in this region. Both forces have had a big influence on the cities in the region

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17
Q

What is the Bazaar-based city model?

A

• Segregated by religion, ethnicity, class
• Centred on chok very structured
• Market separated by specific goods (retail/wholesale)
Sidewalk vendors everywhere

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18
Q

In the bazaar model how could we further ssee the divide in people?

A

○ Chok in the central cross roads where people would bring their things to sell (market)
○ During colonial period thee was an attachement called civil line where euro houses and governemt. Would go
○ And as city grew, areas around civil line become high class areas
○ Cities interspered with quatters and slums
○ Richer classes in the center of town

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19
Q

What are civil lines?

A
  • Part of the bazzar based cities and this is when the euros build separate part attached to the bazar city
  • Generally on urban periphery
  • Residential quarters for high administrative and judicial officials with courthouse, treasury, jail, hospital, library, police, club houses
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20
Q

What is the colonial based model of S/SE Asia cities?

A

• Stared by colonizers and bsed on ports and forts for defense
• CBD where infrastructure for trade and selling would be based off ogf the maiden and business quarters
• Euros lived in their towns and natives would live in their own part of town, and as time wnet on extensions of the parts were put on
• Segregated so
• Double standards
○ Colonists had higher standards of living and benefited from new tech

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21
Q

What are hill stations?

A
  • Resort towns for Europeans
  • Climates more similar to European climates
  • Higher in the mountains
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22
Q

Which city has a balanced urban network?

A
  • Lots of cities with 1 million plus! (especially in India)

* India has a balanced urban network, population and number of cities are distributed

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23
Q

What is the one country in S/SE Asia that has 100% urbanism?

A

Singapore

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24
Q

What are characteristics of urban corridors?

A
  • Leading to megalopolis creation
  • Built with express highways and high-speed rail
  • Important for big country and untapped inland/hinterland

• Similar to highways in norht america
Called the golden quadralateral, everything flows within the places (goods, services)

25
Q

What is the rickshaw capital of the world?

A

Dhaka

26
Q

How is transportation in South east Asia?

A

• Traffic is overwhelming because there is a lot of people in a small ish place
• Not just cars & buses
Motorcycles, scooters, and rickshaws (motorized and non-motorized), bullock carts
• Still building the road infrastructure
• Very diverse set of options to get around

27
Q

What is the gateway to India?

A

Mumbai
-Dominant financial, commercial, and cultural hot spot in Asia and india
• Sends and receives massive financial, commercial, and cultural flows

28
Q

What is Indias biggest port?

A

Mumbai, 40% of goods go through here

29
Q

How many people living in Mumbai live in slums?

A

more than 1/2 population

30
Q

What is Singapore considered?

A

A nation State, so its one bug city

31
Q

How was Singapore founded?

A
  • Colonial city, foundeed by British Heritage
    • Independent from UK in 1963
    • Independent from Malaysia in 1965
32
Q

What is the English literacy rate in Singapore?

A

80%

33
Q

What is Singapore composed of?

A

an archipelago of over 60 islands

34
Q

What is the definition of globalization?

A

Intensification of interaction between previously faraway places and people so that local happenings are now shaped by distant events

35
Q

What are the driving forces fo globalization ?

A

○ Economic liberalization (moves toward free-market reforms, elimination of tariffs).
○ IT revolution (telemarketing, electronic banking, plastic money, high-speed internet have made national borders porous)

36
Q

What have been the impacts of globalization?

A
  • Economic, cultural, political
  • Contradictory and controversial in many places
  • Highly unequal one thing globalization brings, wealth disparities have only grown with globalizations
37
Q

Why to people ouffshore outsource?

A
  • Why? Cheap labour, tax rebates, relaxed environmental norms, hence higher profits
  • Both production and service-sector employment (accounting, customer services, computer programming)
  • Flexible manufacturing, one part made here, the other somewhere else
38
Q

Why is India favoured for outsourcing?

A

○ Well-educated, technically qualified

○ English proficiency

○ Cost-differential 10:1 (10x more in NA than in india)

○ Modern technology collapsed distance

39
Q

What is globalization made possible by?

A

cheap oil and energy

40
Q

What does India have a big one of?

A

Middle class

41
Q

What is go global?

A
  • New urban politics of city-versus-city competition, lureing global people to set up factory/facility in their city
  • Bring in global investment and tourism
  • Pro-poor agendas (upgrading slums, providing cheap infrastructure), redistributive measures abolished
42
Q

As the S and SE Asia develop what are the middle class and wealthy wanting?

A

• Gated communities
○ Gyms, sports facilities, Western style , mimicking the good life of the Canadian middle class
○ Informal economies no longer allowed (sanitized spaces)

43
Q

What is city beautification?

A

• Facelift so that it can project the image of an efficient growth engine

• Public land sold to private developers
Really is an Attempt to lure investors and people to come and visit and work there

Really enjoyed from the middle class and up and at the expense of most of the other half of the population

44
Q

What is the cultural impact of city beatification?

A

homogenization of once unique landscapes; violence against poor (eviction, demolition)

45
Q

What is place marketing?

A
  • Repackaging urban areas to make attractive to global capital (Environmentally friendly, sustainable, smart city)
    • Green entrepreneurism (greening, cleaning, developing urban gardens, switching to CNG (compressed natural gas)
46
Q

Why is place marketing controversial?

A

evicting the poor, making them use CNG, uneven geographies (well to do neighbourhoods get parks, other do not)

47
Q

What is glocalization?

A
  • Cities engage with global flows and ground them in locally specific ways so that both global flows and the cities are altered
    • No-beef Bigmacs in Indian cities

Not leaders of global capital telling everyopne to do, there is also local influences on globalized culture

48
Q

What are landscapes of poverty?

A
  • Increasing urban poverty coupled with an increase in low-paid informal jobs, sweatshop labour
  • Most countries inherited a colonial legacy of poverty and an extreme rural-urban dichotomy
  • Simultaneous juxtaposition of affluence and poverty
  • People being taken advantage, in sweatshops mostly live in slums
  • Cities/countries Inherrited colonial legacy of poverty, 2 class system of euro and local towns and euors have better services
49
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

• A lot of people in lower class take part in the informal ecnomy, making/delivering food, washing clothes etc and how people earn their living

50
Q

What are slums?

A

Settlement characterized by overcrowding, poor or informal housing, inadequate access to safe water and sanitation, and insecurity of tenure

51
Q

Do people have to pay to lime in slums?

A

○ There can still be payment for people living in slums, pay to landlords or slum or gangs because it is kind of an underground economy

52
Q

What is a metro core slum?

A 
Formal (someone renting it out but still pretty run down and badly serviced)
a tenements
i. Hand-me-downs
ii. Built for poor
b public housing
c. hostels, flophouses
 Informal
a Squatters
Authorized
Unauthorized
b. Pavement dwellers
53
Q

What is a periphery slum?

A

Formal
a private rental
b public housing

Informal
a. Pirate subdivisions
Owner occupied
Rental
b. Squatters
Authorized
Unauthorized
  1. Refuge camps
54
Q

Who are pavement dwellers?

A

Pavement dwellers, not even in slums cause they cant afford so they live in the streets

55
Q

What is a sweatshop?

A

factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours under poor conditions and many health risks (near slavery conditions)

56
Q

What is a maidan?

A

open space

57
Q

What is a chowk?

A

marketplace usually at intersection

58
Q

What is a desktop?

A

urban and agricultural forms of land use and settlement coexist and are intensively intermingled.

59
Q

What is a Wat?

A

type of Buddhist temple and Hindu temple in Cambodia, Laos and Thailand

World Cities (10 decks)

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