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World Cities > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What % of Europe is urbanized?

A

75%

-the more east you go, the less urbanized it is (~50%)

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2
Q

What 2 European cities are important on the world index?

A

London

Paris

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3
Q

How does Europe define what a city is?

A

Different ways of defining urban areas based on what country you are in (200 vs 15,000)

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4
Q

What are the 5 historical trends in urbanization?

A
  • Classical period: greek roman times
  • Medieval
  • Renaissance
  • Industrial
  • Postwar divergence (market vs central planning based
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5
Q

What is the post war divergence?

A

between west and east. After war soviet union took easter europe. Western europe was free in a sence but iw as occupied by USA and the Americas

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6
Q

Why is Europe one of the original urban hearths?

A

Everyhwere else the european colonizers rearranged the urban environment of different countries. Built on the indigenous part or rebuilt new cities

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7
Q

Where was the first European city?

A

Mainland of Greece

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8
Q

When was the classical period?

A

(800 BCE to 450 CE)

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9
Q

Where were most cities in the classical period?

A

Greek cities were on the coast, and were more of a sea faring nation vs romans cities were inland more
-Quality of roman architects are still standing 2000 years later. Humans took apart the coliseum not they weather.

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10
Q

What was europs first megacity and what was it like?

A

Rome with 1 million people
• Not based on fossil fuels
• Well executed city, structures were well built
• Central markets/forums, aqueducts
• Did require resources from the outside, food brought in from north Africa, and gain shipped from mediterranean to Rome

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11
Q

What were roman cities in Europe like in the 2nd C.E?

A

Extensive network of roman cities around europe, but all the cities werent 1 million.

Romans connected all the cities with roads, and built up any of the towns to well functioning cities

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12
Q

When was the medieval period?

A

(450-1300 CE)

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13
Q

What happened to make the classical period end?

A

Classical period ended with the fall of Rome and western Europe disintegrated into feudalism (self sufficient, everyone doing their own thing) not too many people lived in cities.
-Only a few key trading centers

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14
Q

What happened after Roman cities disintegrated in the medival period?

A
  • Roman cities disintigraded, if there are no resources to keep things going there is no energy, and revert back to a more agrarian lifestyle with minimal urbanc enters. This started to change from 1100-1200 on
  • Low ratee of urbanization
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15
Q

When was the renaissance and baroque period?

A

(1300-1760 CE)

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16
Q

What happened in the renaissance and baroque period?

A

• Rebirth of European cities: time when feudal system become weaken and important citys become more important and assume more power, traded around the mediterranean and asia (like venice).

• First wave of explorers went around conquering parts of the world (portugese), ahgain the resources started to flow because of the conquering.
○ People making the buildings, pay people all need mooney to make it happen

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17
Q

When did the baroque period start and why was it important?

A

• Baroque period 1500 on there was enough resource from various colonies to build all these lavish architectural things

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18
Q

When was the industrial period?

A

(1760-1945 CE)

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19
Q

What happened in the industrial period?

A
  • Europe birthplace of industrialization, creator of steam engine.
  • Take off aorund 1800, england first country to go through industrialization
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20
Q

What is unique about the industrial period and where people would live?

A

• Cities are changed, and people don’t want to be in certain areas because of the pollution and byproducts.
○ Before well to do people lived in the centre but now with industrialization they didn’t want to be near all the growth and wanted to move outwards

• manufacturing have moved to southern and eastern countries (asia and africa)

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21
Q

When was the post war divergence?

A

(1945-1990)

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22
Q

What were the 2 divides in post war divergence?

A

East occupied by soviets and west occupied by the states. Union didn’t have much resources. Socialist countries wanted a central plan approach, what the central high ranking officials wanted. They built apartment blocks on huge scales and where most of the workers lived

  • East: centrally planned cities with the central comity deciding where everything is going
  • West: market forcces and the will of the people wher eveything was going to go/be built. More democratic nation
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23
Q

What re the assumptions we make for central place theory in regards to Europe?

A

• Flat landscape
• Evenly distributed agricultural resources
-Beasue agricultural resources and people workingthe landscape are evenly distributed. These needs are specialized needs will be in the bigger cities, less speicalized needs will be in the smaller towns

*Slightly different for mountanous regions and maritime regions, distribution of cities would be more impacted by the physical features of the landscape

24
Q

What is conurbation?

A
  • Cities coalescing into conurbations
  • Cities arose to go buy and sell things, and there is a hierarchy among these cities that are well spaced
  • In past 50 years the growth of these cities have decreased, they are barely growing or even in the east they are shrinking
  • Cities are now growing into each other and form a continuous urban area and all of this is built up
25
Q

How many conurbations are in Europe?

A

50

26
Q

What is the largest conurbation?

A

Rhine-Ruhr conurbation (diameter 110km)

27
Q

What is the purpose of the core in core-periphery model?

A
  • Core: superior endowment of factors: location of economic activity, access to world markets, connected cities; attractive labour force and gov’t policies
  • Also capture flows of migrants, taxes and investment
  • High density of humans and industrial areas built up around that activity
28
Q

What is an example of the core periphery model of Europe?

A

Blue banana

29
Q

What is the periphery?

A

Resources flow from periphery to the core.

30
Q

In the core periphery model where is the core shifting towards?

A

The central of the core is shifting towards the south and the east, reflected by companies and workers and european union institution this way. Cheaper to do things in these areas

31
Q

What are the 7 distinctive features of European cities?

A 
Town square
Pedestrian Street
Landmarks
Low-rise (but high density)
Active transportation
Public transport
Urban agriculture
32
Q

What are characteristics off the town square?

A

like middle east and where the markets are and important city buildings

Where people come together, city hall is and important cathedral

More tourists than locals

33
Q

Why are the pedestrian only streets?

A
  • most sstreets leading away from town square are just for pedestrians. Only for cyclists and walkers
  • Walking only streets pulls in people, more busy than if cars would be allowed
34
Q

What are the different kind of landmarks you can have?

A 
outdoor art
monuments
palaces
fountains
public squares
35
Q

Where do you find low rise and high density?

A

Downtown cores are lower (up to 5/6 story walkups) and can pack a lot of people into one area

Too many sky scrapers people feel more alianated in their environemnt so they prefere all the low rises and it was better for fire fighting before modern day fire fighting techniques

36
Q

what is the difference between urban agriculture in east and Western Europe?

A

in east you had to grow your own food

the west it was about helping the environment is why you did it

37
Q

What are 4 characteristics unique to Europe?

A
  • Slow growth (0.2), contraction
  • Accelerated deindustrialization (heavy) (moving south and east, out of europe) and decentralization
  • Green growth (solar, wind, higher end of biotech)
  • Low rise/high density planning
38
Q

What is the model of northwestern European city structure?

A
  • Any city in england, netherlands, belgium, to a degree nordic countries
  • Historically (before industrialization) middle class around the core, then zone of transition where the beginning of industrial period workers would be and factories located, apartment blocks for lower income white collar, past is middle income and lower density and more detached houses (like suburbia), clusters of high-rises on the sides, green belt to stop growth and give the city dwellers to come and enjoy nature

Not socialist style

39
Q

What is the model of mediterranean city structures?

A

Grand boulevards built in 19thC when rulers and planning class didn’t want medieval streets and pressed in together and wanted these grands avenues from centre/core and build long avenues and city grew around the long roads and where upper-scale shopping is found along here. The new nobility set up shoiop aloong these avenues. Neighbourhoods around/behind the grand ave would be more middle class and upp income, lower class. Public high rises after the war

Heavy industries moved out, but the didn’t have that very much of industry as the northern cities would have

40
Q

What is the model of central and Eastern European city structures?

A
  • Socialist city structure
  • Outside of the core, the central committee set up areas for industry, people and but designated other zones for things.
  • Post socialist city is transforming this old pattern
  • Heavy industry moving out from the city, probably firhter east or out all together
  • Bigger blobs that were decided to be placed around the historic core, can have villages next to the city that are turning into a suburban area
41
Q

Why is Paris important?

A 
Tourist
financial
city of light/love
progressive city 
Primate city
42
Q

Whats the difference when comparative density profiles in the built up areas of Moscow and Paris?

A
  • Density of people decrease as you go further from the city.
    • In Paris mostly the walk up condos with high density
    • Migrants live in outskirts and starting to build apartment buildings

• A lot of people living in the core of moscow, but as people leave the core, the population density increase

43
Q

When did rural to urban migration start?

A

1920

44
Q

What is the more common type of migration today?

A

From rural to international migration

-common for countries that had colonies

45
Q

Why is international migration needed?

A

• Need for low-wage labour (close to zero population growth, ageing population and most not willing to do menial jobs)
○ E.g. Germany: migrants from Turkey and Yugoslavia
○ Coming for a bettre life and need for low wage labour from employers

46
Q

What % of European citizens are born outside of its borders?

A

• 7%-10% of European Union citizens born outside of borders

47
Q

What are the 2 kinds of immigration Is there?

A

Legal: Most immagrant come through legal means,

Illegal: via smuggling peoplee through borders

48
Q

What were countries attitudes in the 2015 immigration crisis?

A

has a lot to do with the crisi in syria just so many people coming into europe
• Caused issues for all the countries, Hungray didn’t want to let them in
• Receiving couuntries (germany, france) were scrambling to make it work and house the influx of refugees (migrants without a status). Once processed they become more legal immigrants into the couuntry

49
Q

What is the human face of the 2015 immigration crisis?

A
  • People in need coming from war torn countries that have rough lives
  • North Africans and middle east people trying to get to Europe
  • Large inflx of eastern european people into western europe but they are not really immigrants just a foreing based worker and pays taxes in home country
50
Q

What can cities do about immigration?

A

• Can determine who comes and goes into cities
• What are the best ways to integrate those people
○ Canada/australia better at integrating
• Employment, retaining
• Housing

51
Q

What is the grand ensemble in Paris?

A
  • Apartment blocks in outskirts of paris where most immigrants live, separated from society is some ways
  • People here have less opportunities to be apart of french economy and less opportunities
  • Integration is slower in european countries
52
Q

What is the overall trend in terrorism in Europe?

A
  • Lot more important in last 20 years, some of them are very shocking attacks
  • Multilayer approach to how and why terrorism occurs
53
Q

What is the main cause of terrorism in Europe?

A

• Past 20 years, people killed in terrorist attacks are from ossama binlandin/islamic attacks. Due to policies of US/UK against muslim countries

54
Q

In Europe what is the over all trend in terrorism?

A

• Overall trend is decreasing

55
Q

In the global context, why do countries have high rates of terrorism?

A

• Countries with high rates of terrorism are from different faiths, want autonomy

World Cities (10 decks)

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