Lecture 8+9

Question 1

Space repetition

Answer 1

מגדילים את מרווח הזמן מהחשיפה למידע שרוצים לזכור עד לפעם הבאה שנישאל עליו (אחרי 2 דקות, אחרי 15 דקות, אחרי 20 דקות…)

Question 2

Mnemonic/ cue repetition

Answer 2

אם יש משהו ספציפי בגירוי עצמו שמזכיר לנו דבר מסוים.

Question 3

What memory types were impaired for HM?

Answer 3

התקשה בזיכרון הדקלרטיבי
עבד אצלו הפרוצדורלי, זיכרון העבודה (כי זיכרון העבודה לא נמצא בהיפוקמפוס), וזיכרון טווח ארוך לפני הניתוח

Question 4

Digit span test

Answer 4

מתבקשים להסתכל על ארבע מספרים ולחזור עליהם, מגיעים עד 10 ספרות. Continue until you fail on both sequences at a given length. Your span is one digit less than this.

מדד לזיכרון העבודה.

Question 5

Repetition priming

Answer 5

refers to improvements in a behavioural response when stimuli are repeatedly presented. Also, for amnesics (Preserved in H.M.)
יכול להיות שהקידוד הוא פרוצדורלי בשל החזרה.

Question 6

Double dissociation of procedural and declarative memory

Answer 6

Spared procedural memory in Amnesia:
can learn rules of a weather prediction game (procedural
memory) but can’t remember which cards were previously seen (declarative memory).

Opposite dissociation in Parkinson’s disease: Associated with lesion to Basal ganglia.

Question 7

What memory systems are impaired in amnesia?

Answer 7

decelerative (explicit) memory: semantic & episodic; might be dissociable.

Question 8

What type of amnesia did H.M. have?

Answer 8

anterograde amnesia.

Question 9

Anterograde amnesia (AA)

Answer 9

memory loss for events occurring after the onset of the problem.

Question 10

Retrograde amnesia (RA)

Answer 10

memory loss for events occurring before the onset of the problem.

Question 11

Flat retrograde amnesia (RA)

Answer 11

consisting of a uniform memory deficit for information
from all preamnesia time periods. שוכחים את הכל לא משנה אם קרוב או רוחק מזמן הפגיעה.

Question 12

Graded retrograde amnesia (RA)

Answer 12

greater memory deficits for information from recent as opposed to remote time periods due to consolidation and reconsolidation processes.

Question 13

4 retrograde amnesia difficulties

Answer 13

1) Identify people and events from different decades.
2) Autobiographical cueing.
3) Temporal gradient: Memories formed early in life are more likely to survive than memories formed later in life.
4) The vulnerability of a memory to brain injury is inversely related to its age.

Question 14

Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 14

• Alcoholism and malnutrition.
• Thiamine - B1 deficiency.
• Amnesic symptoms: global amnesia: (RA + AA).
• Confabulations, no insight, apathy.
• Lesioned medial dorsal thalamic nuc. & Mammillary bodies (part of the limbic system).
• Intact hippocampus.

Question 15

Telescopic memory

Answer 15

Seeing recent events as more remote than they are and remote events as more recent.

Question 16

Memory storage (Hippocampus role in theories of memory)

Answer 16

ההיפוקמפוס הוא המקום שמאחסנים בו את הזיכרון.
Cannot account for time-dependent effect in anterograde vs. retrograde amnesia
لأنهن بقترحوا أنه في علاقة للوقت، واذا هو بس بخزن، لي يأثر على وقت محدد فقط؟

Question 17

Memory tagging (Hippocampus role in the theories of memory)

Answer 17

Links memory with location and time context.
Episodic memory is especially context dependent, which could explain potential dissociation in episodic vs semantic in amnesia.

Question 18

Memory consolidation (Hippocampus role in the theories of memory)

Answer 18

In a time-dependent process, it transforms recent learned experiences into LTM.
Explains anterograde amnesia without retrograde amnesia.

Question 19

Synaptic consolidation

Answer 19

occurs on a small scale in the synaptic connections and neural circuits within the first few hours after learning such as long term potentiation (LTP)

Question 20

System consolidation

Answer 20

occurs on a much larger scale in the brain, rendering hippocampus-dependent memories independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years.

Question 21

Reconsolidation

Answer 21

previously consolidated memories can be made labile again through reactivation of the memory trace.

Question 22

Binding and the hippocampal formation

Answer 22

Parahipocampal cortex = contextual processing
Perirhinal cortex = item processing
Entorhinal cortex = perception of space and time

Question 23

Von Restorff Effect

Answer 23

items that are novel, or distinctive, are remembered better than those that are less distinct.
אנשים שהייתה להם פגיעה בהיפוקמפוס, תלמוס, או בהיפוקמפוס ועוד אזורים, היה להם ביצוע פחות טוב במטלה זאת בהשוואה לאנשים שהם אפילו low performing controls.

Question 24

Anterior temporal lobe’s role in memory =

Answer 24

semantic memory

Question 25

Lateral occipital area =

Answer 25

object memory

Question 26

In which areas activity during encoding predicts subsequent recognition of words?

Answer 26

Left parahipocampal gyrus (fusiform gyri)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

Question 27

Left IFG’s role in memory =

Answer 27

selection of features to encode – IFG is necessary but not sufficient, needs also MTL (basic memory formation).

Question 28

Medial temporal lobe’s (MTL) role in memory =

Answer 28

memory formation

Question 29

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex’s role in memory =

Answer 29

• Retrieval
• Greatest activity with greater retrieval demands
• Selection from a range of alternatives
• Monitoring retrieved information

Question 30

The prefrontal cortex is activated in _______

Answer 30

working memory

Question 31

The inferolateral temporal lobe is activated in _______

Answer 31

semantic memory

Question 32

N-back test

Answer 32

מודד זיכרון עבודה גם. כנראה שזיכרון העבודה מערב עוד אזורים כמו הקורטקס הפרה פרונטלי. המטלה משתפת הקורטקס הפרה פרונטלי.
Impaired in patients with prefrontal lesion, typically due to TBI.

Question 33

Long term potentiation

Answer 33

התהליך משפיע על התא הבא, התהליך מאוד ארוך, ואם אני משבשת אותו במהלך השעה הראשונה שבה מתחבר עם התא הבא, התהליך ייפגע.