Lecture 6 Flashcards
Betweenness centrality
רשת שיש בה נקודות ואני מעוניינת למצוא את הנקודה שדרכה אני יכולה לעבור את הדרך הכי קצרה. יש הבדלים מבחינת האסימטריה בהמיספרות.
Inter-hemispheric connections
Connectivity between the two hemispheres
Which two regions have no direct inter-hemispheric connections?
1) the hand area of somatosensory and motor cortex
2) all of area 17 (V1)
Inter-hemispheric Integration
Rapid transfer of sensory information from one hemisphere to the other (5-20 ms) in face processing.
Computational advantage Model
Different modes of hemispheric processing
RH – more diffuse connections
LH – more focal processing
A computational advantage (segregated but connected
networks)
Specializing in a different type of computation
Less interference between them
להיכנס לגלובאל (המיספרה ימנית) ולוקאל (המיספרה שמאלית) בו זמנית יותר מאתגר מאשר לעבד את הגלובאל, הלוקאל, ואינטגרציה שזה יותר מהימן.
Genomic conflict and imprinted genes
יש גנים (מהאם/אב) המושתקים או הצריכים לשיתוק בשביל לאפשר התפתחות טובה.
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation
The Cookie theft picture
הפציינט מתבקש לספר סיפור על מה הם רואים בתמונה.
מה הם ארבעת האלמנטים שבהם משתמשים בשביל לאפיין אפזיה?
Fluency שטף דיבור ספונטני
Comprehension הבנה
Repetition חזרה
Naming שיום
Where did Tan (Louis Victor Leborgne) and the 8 others have a lesion?
פגיעה בהמיספרה שמאלית בחלק הפרונטלי
ברוקה
Broca/ non-fluent/ expressive aphasia
Lesion: Broca’s area, left inferior frontal gyrus
Good at comprehension only
No paraphrasis.
Non fluent speech: slow, effortful, mis-articulation, pauses.
בעיה ביצועית מוטורית
Telegraphic speech: Laconic, short utterances, few function words (e.g., do), no grammatical inflections (e.g., Ing).
Wernicke/ fluent/ receptive aphasia
Lesion: Wernicke’s area, the posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)
Good at fluency only
Normal rhythm and intonations, Ordinary grammatical structure is intact, Nonsensical speech, unaware of errors and paraphasias.
Literal/ phonemic paraphasis
papple instead of apple
Neo logistic paraphasis
Substitution with a non-English or gibberish word.
Verbal paraphasis
Confusion of words: son instead of daughter.
Preservative errors paraphasis
Previous response persists and interferes with retrieval of new responses.
Conductive aphasia אפזיית הולכה
Lesion: arcuate fasciculus which connects Broca and Wernicke.
Good at fluency and comprehension only, paraphrasis is common.
הכי פחות חומר מסוגי האפזיות.
Global aphasia
Lesion: Broca, Wernicke, and arcuate fasciculus
Bad at everything including paraphrasis which is variable.
Classic (19th century) model of language processing and the two pathways
Broca’s area = speech production & motor images of words, Wernicke’s area = speech comprehension & auditory images of words, both are connected to the concept centre.
The pathways:
1) spoken word - area 41 - Wernicke - hear and comprehend word
2) cognition - Wernicke - Broca - Facial area of motor cortex - cranial nerves - speak
Wernicke’s area: meaning/ sound representations.
Broca’s area: articulation representations.
Offer evidence against the classical model (19th century) of language processing.
Agrammatism in Broca’s aphasia: failure to interpret semantically reversible sentence. Meaning some failure in comprehension.
Logopenic* variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA): The lesion is in the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus and not in Broca, Wernicke, or the arcuate fasciculus.
Logopenic* variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA)
* = lack of speech
This type of aphasia offers evidence against the classical model of language processing since the lesion is in the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus and not in Broca, Wernicke, or the arcuate fasciculus.
Typical symptoms include:
- slowed speech with normal articulation
- impaired comprehension of complex sentences
- impaired naming of things
Is the common paraphasia in Wernicke’s aphasia verbal/literal?
verbal paraphasia: son instead of daughter
Is the common paraphasia in Conduction aphasia verbal/literal?
Literal (phonemic) paraphasia: tephelone instead of telephone
How/Dorsal parietal frontal network in language
= motor speech recognition, left lateralized
What/ventral temporal network in language
= היכולת שלנו להבין שפה, Bilateral (with slight LH asymmetry)
A psycholinguistic approach
Beyond the four clinical dimensions.
Its levels of processing:
- Phonetics: sound production
- Phonology: sound combination
- Grammar: syntax, morphology
- Semantics: meaning
- Pragmatics: Language in use and context
